Shuga ndi chimodzi mwa zakudya zomwe zimadyedwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka zochokera ku nzimbe ndi beets. Kupanga shuga wabwino kwambiri ndi njira yovuta yomwe imatenga magawo angapo: kuchotsa, kuyeretsa, kuphwanyika, kupangitsa kuti shuga ipangidwe bwino komanso kukonzedwa bwino. Pa gawo lililonse lokonza shuga, ubwino ndi kuyera kwa madzi a shuga ziyenera kulamulidwa bwino. Zonyansa zachilengedwe, monga tinthu ta colloidal, mapuloteni, utoto ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zimatha kukhudza kwambiri momwe kuyeretsa, kusefa ndi kusungunula zinthu kumagwirira ntchito.
Mankhwala amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga shuga wamakono. Popanda kulamulira bwino mankhwala, zinyalalazi zingayambitse kukula, mavuto a mtundu ndi kutayika kwa zotuluka. Mankhwala opangira shuga sikuti amangowonjezera magwiridwe antchito ndi zotuluka, komanso amawongolera ubwino wa zinthu, amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, komanso amathandiza mafakitale kukwaniritsa miyezo yoteteza chilengedwe. Mankhwalawa amatha:
- Kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a clearance ndi mphamvu yolekanitsa madzi olimba.
- Pewani kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mu madzi a zipatso ndi madzi a zipatso.
- Limbikitsani mphamvu ya shuga woyera woyeretsedwa bwino kuti usinthe mtundu wake.
- Yang'anirani kupangika kwa thovu ndi mamba mu evaporator ndi vacuum evaporator.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwachidule za njira yopangira shuga. Inafotokozanso momwe mankhwala osiyanasiyana - mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mankhwala ochotsera utoto ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - anagwiritsidwira ntchito pagawo lililonse kuti atsimikizire kuti shuga ikugwira ntchito bwino komanso kuti shuga ipangidwe bwino.
Njira Yopangira Shuga ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala
Kukonzekera Zinthu Zopangira
Kupanga shuga kumayamba ndi kukolola ndi kukonza zinthu zopangira. Nzimbe zimatsukidwa ndikudulidwa kuti zichotse dothi, miyala ndi masamba. Pa siteji iyi, ngati madziwo asiyidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, amayamba kubereka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Pofuna kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamwamba pa zinthu zopangira, kupewa kuipitsidwa kwa madzi a shuga kapena kuwonongeka panthawi yothira shuga, nthawi zina mankhwala ophera tizilombo amaikidwa pamwamba pa nzimbe, madzi osungira kapena zida zoyeretsera.
| Mtundu wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda | Kulimbikitsa Kuganizira Kwambiri | Njira Yogwiritsira Ntchito | Ntchito Zazikulu | Kusamalitsa | Ubwino |
| Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO) | 50–200 ppm yopanda chlorine | Kupopera kapena kunyowetsa pamwamba pa nzimbe kwa mphindi 5-10 | Kuyeretsa thupi lonse, kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda | Onetsetsani kuchuluka kwa chlorine (nthawi zambiri 50–200 ppm yopanda chlorine). Pewani chlorine yambiri mu madzi kuti mupewe mavuto a utoto kapena ma crystallization. Tsukani kapena tulutsani madzi mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito ngati pakufunika. | Kuyeretsa thupi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana; mtengo wake ndi wotsika. |
| Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (SDIC) | 50–150 ppm yopanda chlorine | Kupopera kapena kunyowetsa pamwamba pa nzimbe kwa mphindi 5-10 | Kukhazikika kwambiri, mphamvu yoletsa kutsekeka kwa sterilization | Onetsetsani kuti palibe chlorine kuti musawononge madzi ndi mtundu wake. | Yokhazikika kuposa sodium hypochlorite; yogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri; chlorine yotsala yolamulidwa; imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo opangira chakudya. |
| Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂) | 0.1%–0.5% | Amawonjezeredwa m'madzi oyeretsera kapena kupopera pamwamba | Kuyeretsa thupi, palibe zotsalira, komanso koteteza chilengedwe | Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala; nthawi zambiri 0.1–0.5% pokonza pamwamba. Gwirani mosamala mukamagwiritsa ntchito. | Imawola popanda zotsalira; yotetezeka komanso yoteteza chilengedwe. |
| Madzi Otentha / Nthunzi | Madzi otentha pa 80–90°C kapena nthunzi pa 100°C | Kutsuka ndi madzi otentha kapena mankhwala a nthunzi kwa mphindi 2-5 | Kuyeretsa popanda kuwonjezera mankhwala | Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri; kumafuna zida zoyenera; tsatirani njira zodzitetezera. | Palibe zowonjezera mankhwala; zimachepetsa zotsalira za mankhwala. |
| Kuyeretsa Malo Ogulitsira/Malo Ogulitsira Madzi | SDIC, 50–100 ppm | Kuyeretsa zida, magalimoto oyendera | Zimaletsa kuipitsidwa kwachiwiri | Bwezerani ndi kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa chlorine wopanda madzi nthawi zonse. | — |
Machitidwe Ovomerezeka
Nzimbe zikalowa mufakitale, zimatsukidwa koyamba ndi madzi oyera kuti zichotse dothi ndi zinyalala.
Kenako, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamwamba kumachitika popopera mankhwala a SDIC kapena sodium hypochlorite okhala ndi mphamvu yochepa malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili.
Magwero a madzi ndi zida zoyeretsera za fakitale ya shuga ziyeneranso kutsukidwa nthawi zonse kuti malo onse akhale aukhondo.
Kutulutsa Madzi
Pambuyo pa gawo loyamba loyeretsa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Gawo lotsatira ndikutulutsa madzi a nzimbe. Madzi nthawi zambiri amachotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina okanikiza kapena makina ofalitsa. Gawoli limaphatikizapo kuswa kapangidwe kolimba ka nzimbe ndikutulutsa madziwo.
Nthawi zambiri, chotsukira madzi a nzimbe chimakhala ndi makina atatu ozungulira osakaniza ndi chodulira kapena masamba ozungulira. Pambuyo poti nzimbe zakonzedwa pa lamba limodzi lonyamulira, zimatumizidwa ku lamba lina lonyamulira kuti zitulutse madzi ambiri. Komabe, madzi asananyamulidwe, amawazidwa kaye kuti atulutse madzi ena. Zotsalira zomwe zimatsala pambuyo pomwa madzi zimatchedwa bagasse.
Madzi amakhala ndi zinthu zodetsedwa zomwe zimasungunuka komanso zotayidwa, kuphatikizapo ulusi wa zomera, mapuloteni komanso tinthu ta nthaka tomwe tatsukidwa kwathunthu. Zinthu zodetsedwa zimenezi ziyenera kukonzedwa kuti ziwonjezere kuyera bwino komanso kupangika kwa makristalo.
Kufotokozera bwino madzi a nzimbe
Kuyeretsa madzi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pachiyambi cha njira yopangira shuga. Cholinga chake ndikuchotsa zonyansa (monga dothi, mapuloteni, colloid, organic acid, ndi zina zotero) kuchokera mu madzi a nzimbe ndikuwonjezera kuyera kwake. Nthawi zambiri, Njira ya Lime imagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphatikiza njira ya phosphorous flotation kapena njira ya carbonation.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala
Laimu (CaO)/mkaka wa laimu (Ca(OH)2): Imachotsa asidi m'thupi ndipo imachotsa zinthu zodetsa.
Mpweya woipa (CO2)2(yogwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira ya carbonation): Imayankhidwa ndi laimu ndikupanga calcium carbonate precipitate, yomwe imayamwa zinyalala.
Chithandizo cha Flocculant/coagulant: Chimathandiza kuti zinthu zolimba zomwe zapachikidwa zikhazikike mwachangu.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri: Polyaluminium chloride (PAC), polyacrylamide (PAM), ndi zina zotero.
Sulfure (SO2) kapena sodium sulfite: Imagwira ntchito yoyeretsa, kuchotsa utoto ndi kuyeretsa phosphorous.
Kusefa ndi Kutentha
Pambuyo poyeretsa, madziwo ayenera kusefedwa kuti achotse matope. Kutenthetsa madziwo asanatuluke n'kofunika kwambiri, chifukwa zimathandiza kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa madziwo komanso kupewa kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Kutuluka kwa nthunzi ndi Kukhazikika
Madzi a zipatso amaikidwa mu madzi pogwiritsa ntchito evaporator yothandiza kwambiri, zomwe zimachepetsa chinyezi kuchokera pa 85% mpaka 30-40%. Kutulutsa madzi m'chipale chofewa kumathandiza kusunga shuga wabwino, komanso kumabweretsa mavuto ena pakugwira ntchito:
- Mapuloteni osungunuka ndi zinthu zosungunula zimayambitsa thovu.
- Kuchulukana kwa mamba pamwamba pa evaporator.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala:
Zotsukira Mafoam: Zotsukira Mafoam zopangidwa ndi silicone zotsukira thovu lotentha kwambiri. Zotsukira Mafoam zopangidwa ndi polyether ndi mafuta okhala ndi mowa zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito madzi a zipatso apakati.
Zoletsa/Zotulutsa Ma Scale Inhibitors: Zimaletsa kupangika kwa calcium carbonate kapena sulfate scale mu evaporator.
Zotsatira: Kuwongolera bwino thovu ndi kupewa kukula kwa thovu kumatsimikizira kuti mpweya umakhala wosalala, kutentha kumachuluka, komanso nthawi yochepa yopuma.
Kupangidwa kwa kristalo
Njira yopangira shuga pogwiritsa ntchito makristalo (yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa kuwiritsa m'makampani) ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakusintha madzi a shuga okhuthala kukhala makristalo olimba a sucrose. Madzi okhuthala amaphikidwa mu ketulo yotayira shuga kuti ayambitse kupanga shuga pogwiritsa ntchito makristalo. Kukonza shuga moyenera ndikofunikira kuti shuga ituluke, kukula kwa makristalo, ndi mtundu wake. Iyi ndi njira yovuta ya physicochemical yopangidwira kuwongolera kukula ndi kufanana kwa makristaro a sucrose omwe asungunuka.
Mankhwala ochotsera poizoni nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa njirayi. Mankhwala ochotsera poizoni amaletsa kupangika kwa thovu pamene likuwira, zomwe zimathandiza kuti madzi asamasefukire.
Kukhazikika kwa makristalo kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa shuga ndipo kumachepetsa kutayika panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito centrifugation.
Kugawa ndi Kulekanitsa
Pambuyo popanga makristalo, makristalo amalekanitsidwa ndi molasses pogwiritsa ntchito centrifuge kenako amaumitsidwa kudzera m'mapaipi otentha. Molasses amatha kukonzedwanso kuti apange ethanol, chakudya cha ziweto, kapena ntchito zina.
Kuchotsa Utoto ndi Kuyeretsa
Kuchotsa mtundu ndi kuyeretsa ndi gawo lomaliza pakupanga shuga, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga shuga woyera woyengedwa bwino (monga shuga wokhuthala kapena shuga wa m'mwala). Gawoli limafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri ndi zosakaniza.
Mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi awa:
Mpweya wopangidwa (ufa kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono): Umakoka ma polyphenols, caramel, ndi utoto wina.
Kuchotsa utoto wa ma resini/ma ion exchange resini: Chotsani mankhwala a ioni ndi osakhala ioni.
Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂): Imachepetsa utoto wotsala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtundu wa madzi ukhale wowala kwambiri.
Zothandizira kuchotsa utoto: Onetsetsani kuti ICUMSA ndi yotsika komanso mawonekedwe ake ndi abwino kwambiri.
Zomwe zili pamwambapa zikufotokoza njira zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso momwe mankhwala amagwiritsidwira ntchito mumakampani opanga shuga.
Zokhudzana Mankhwala Sonyezani:
Kodi madzi otayika ochokera ku makampani opanga shuga amakonzedwa bwanji?
Mafakitale opanga shuga amapanga madzi otayira panthawi yopanga shuga. Madzi otayirawa ndi abwino kwambiri ndipo ali ndi kuipitsidwa kwakukulu, komwe kumafuna kutsukidwa bwino kwa madzi asanatulutsidwe.
Madzi otayira makamaka amachokera ku kutsuka zinthu zopangira, kuyeretsa zida, madzi otayira opangira shuga, madzi ozizira/condensate, ndi kupopera madzi mu boiler. Madzi otayirawa amadziwika ndi COD ndi BOD yambiri (chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa shuga), kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba zomwe zimayimitsidwa, kuwonongeka kwamphamvu kwachilengedwe, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala ndi mafuta ndi matope. Chifukwa chake, kuphatikiza njira—kukonza madzi otayira asanayambe + kuuma ndi kuuma + chithandizo chachilengedwe + chithandizo chapamwamba—nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza madzi otayirawa. Njira zodziwika bwino zochizira zimaphatikizapo chithandizo chakuthupi (monga kuuma ndi kusefa), chithandizo cha mankhwala (monga kuuma ndi kuletsa), ndi chithandizo chachilengedwe (monga njira zotayira zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi madzi onyowa).
Ndi mankhwala ati omwe amafunikira pochiza madzi otayika ochokera ku makampani opanga shuga?
Njira zenizeni ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi izi:
| Gawo la Chithandizo | Cholinga | Mankhwala Ovomerezeka | Ntchito Zazikulu |
| 1. Kutsuka Zinthu Zopangira & Kukonza Zinthu Zoyambirira | Chotsani mchenga, matope, ulusi, zinthu zolimba zomwe zapachikidwa | PAC (Polyaluminum Chloride) | Kugayika mwachangu, kuchotsa SS ndi matope |
| PAM (Polyacrylamide) – Anionic/Nonionic | Kupanga kwa udzu, kumathandizira kukhazikika | ||
| Wochotsa mafoam | Amalamulira thovu lopangidwa panthawi yotsuka nzimbe ndi kuchotsa madzi a m'madzi | ||
| 2. Kulinganiza ndi Kusintha kwa pH | Khazikitsani khalidwe labwino, sinthani pH kuti mugwiritse ntchito njira zotsikira | Laimu (CaO / Ca(OH)₂) | Kukweza pH, kuchotsa kuuma pang'ono |
| Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) | Kusintha kwa pH kolondola | ||
| Asidi ya Sulfuriki / Asidi ya Hydrochloric | Amachepetsa pH | ||
| Wochotsa mafoam | Amachepetsa thovu mu beseni lolinganiza | ||
| 3. Kutsekeka kwa madzi ndi kusungunuka kwa madzi (Kutulutsa madzi m'thupi) | Chotsani zinthu zolimba zopachikidwa, ma colloid, utoto; chepetsani COD | PAC / PolyDADMAC / Polyamine | Ma coagulants oyambira ochotsa utoto ndi utoto |
| PAM (Anionic) | Zimawonjezera mphamvu ya floc komanso liwiro lokhazikika | ||
| Zothandizira Coagulant (monga Magnesium Silicate) | Zimawonjezera kumveka bwino komanso magwiridwe antchito okhazikika | ||
| 4. Chithandizo cha Anaerobic Biological (UASB, EGSB) | Chepetsani katundu wambiri wachilengedwe (COD, BOD) | Zowonjezera Zakudya (Magwero a N & P) | Sungani ntchito ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kukhala ndi zamoyo zabwino |
| Zosintha za pH | Sungani pH yabwino kwambiri (6.8–7.2) ya mabakiteriya osagwira ntchito | ||
| Wochotsa mafoam | Amaletsa thovu lokhudzana ndi biogas | ||
| 5. Chithandizo cha Aerobic (Kuthira Madzi Osefukira, SBR) | Kuchepetsa COD, BOD, ndi ammonia | Zowonjezera Zakudya (N & P) | Perekani zakudya zokwanira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda |
| Wochotsa mafoam | Amalamulira thovu panthawi yopuma | ||
| Ma enzyme a Bio / Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda | Zimathandizira kuwonongeka kwa zamoyo | ||
| 6. Chithandizo Chapamwamba (Ngati miyezo yokhwima yotulutsa magazi ikugwira ntchito) | Sinthani kumveka bwino, chotsani COD yotsala, SS, mtundu | Polyamine / PolyDADMAC | Kuchotsa utoto mwamphamvu komanso kuwononga matope |
| PAC | Kuchotsa SS yowonjezera ndi colloid | ||
| PAM (Kulemera Kwambiri kwa Maselo) | Kupukuta komaliza ndi kupukuta | ||
| Mpweya Wogwiritsidwa Ntchito | Amachotsa mtundu, fungo, ndi zotsalira za organic | ||
| 7. Kupha Matenda ndi Kugwiritsanso Ntchito Madzi | Onetsetsani kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi otetezeka potulutsa kapena kugwiritsanso ntchito | Kashiamu Hypochlorite | Kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mwamphamvu |
| Sodium Hypochlorite | Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti | ||
| SDIC (Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate) | Kutulutsa kwa chlorine kokhazikika komanso kokhalitsa | ||
| Asidi ya Trichloroisocyanuric (TCCA) | Kuchuluka kwa chlorine, chlorination yotulutsa pang'onopang'ono |
Kupanga shuga ndi njira yovuta yamafakitale yomwe imafuna kuwongolera bwino pagawo lililonse—kuyambira kukonza zinthu zopangira ndi kusakaniza madzi mpaka kuyeretsa, kusungunuka, kusungunuka, kuyeretsa, ndi kukonza madzi otayidwa. Gawo lililonse limakhala ndi zovuta zake, kuphatikizapo zinthu zolimba zomwe zimayimitsidwa, mtundu, ntchito ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kupanga thovu, ndi kuchuluka kwa sikelo. Mwa kuphatikiza mankhwala oyenera mu gawo lililonse la njira yopangira shuga, mphero za shuga zimatha kuwonjezera kutulutsa, kukonza mtundu wa makristalo, kuwonjezera mtundu, kuchepetsa kutayika, ndikuchepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito. Nthawi yomweyo, njira zabwino kwambiri zamankhwala zimathandizira kuteteza chilengedwe kudzera mu njira yabwino kwambiri yosamalira madzi otayidwa komanso kuchepetsa zinyalala za mankhwala.
Kusankha mnzanu woyenera wa mankhwala kumathandiza kuti mafakitale a shuga azitha kupanga bwino, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino nthawi zonse, kukulitsa nthawi ya zida, komanso kukhala ndi ntchito yabwino kwa nthawi yayitali.