Makina a Mafakitale a Mafakitale ndi Ntchito Zamankhwala
Chiyambi
Ndi kukula kwa mafakitale, kufunikira kwa chithandizo chamadzi osiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito mafakitale ambiri. Mankhwala a mafakitale amadzi sichofunikira chokha chokhacho chotsimikizira kuti ndi njira yosavuta yokwaniritsira malamulo azachilengedwe komanso zofunikira.
Mtundu wamadzi
| Mtundu wamadzi | Cholinga chachikulu | Zinthu zazikulu chithandizo | Njira zazikulu. |
| Kuziritsa kwa madzi | Kukwaniritsa zofunikira zam'madzi kapena mafakitale | Chilengedwe chamadzi chamadzi | Kusefukira, kusuntha, kovuta. |
| Mankhwala othandizira madzi | Kukwaniritsa zofunikira zenizeni | Njira zamafakitale | Kufewetsa, kuyeretsedwa, detaxygenation. |
| Kukula kwa madzi ozizira | Onetsetsani kuti mwachita bwino | Kukula madzi ozizira | Chithandizo cha Dosing. |
| Chithandizo chamadzi | Tetezani chilengedwe | Madzi otayika | Chithandizo chathupi, chamankhwala, kwachilengedwe. |
| Kubwezeretsanso chithandizo chamadzi | Chepetsani kumwa madzi atsopano | Amagwiritsa ntchito madzi | Zofanana ndi chithandizo chamadzi. |
Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othandizira madzi
| Gawo | Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala | Kugwira nchito |
| Wothandizira Woyendetsa | Pac, Pam, Pdadmac, Polyamines, aluminium sulfate, etc. | Chotsani zokhazikika ndi zinthu zachilengedwe |
| Mafuta ophera tizilombo | monga a Tecca, SDIC, Ozoni, chlorine dioxide, calcium hypochlorite, etc | Amapha tizilombo m'madzi (monga mabakiteriya, ma virus, bowa ndi protozoa) |
| PHSTER | Aminosulfonic acid, Naoh, laimu, sulfuric acid, etc. | Sungani Ph |
| Zitsulo zazitsulo | EDTA, EANI Snunclunge | Chotsani zitsulo zolemera kwambiri (monga chitsulo, mkuwa, kutsogolera, Cadmuum, Fercury, Nickel, ndi zina) ndi zitsulo zina zovulaza m'madzi |
| Scale Airbetor | Orgaphosphate, Orgaphosphorous Carboxyylic Acids | Pewani mapangidwe a calcium ndi magnesium. Komanso zili ndi zotsatira zochotsa zitsulo |
| Deoxidizer | Sodium sulfite, hydrazine, etc. | Chotsani mpweya wosungunuka kuti mupewe mpweya wabwino |
| Woyeretsa Woyeretsa | Citric acid, sulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid | Chotsani sikelo ndi zodetsa |
| Oxidants | Ozone, Perlolfate, haidrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, etc. | Kuzindikira, kuchotsa zodetsa ndi kusintha kwamadzi kwaulere, etc. |
| Sombi | monga laimu ndi sodium carbonate. | Amachotsa ma ions (calcium, magnesium mabongo) ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha mapangidwe apamwamba |
| A decomers/Antifoam | Kupondereza kapena kuchotsa chithovu | |
| Pochotsa | Calcium hypochlorite | Chotsani NH₃-n kuchokera ku madzi amphamvu kuti zitheke |
Titha kupereka:
Chithandizo cha madzi mafakitale amatanthauza njira yochizira madzi mafakitale ndi madzi ake otulutsa kudzera mwa thupi, mankhwala, njira zina zachilengedwe. Mankhwala a mafakitale amadzi ndi gawo lofunikira pakupanga mafakitale, ndipo kufunikira kwake kumawonekera m'mbali zotsatirazi:
1.1 Onetsetsani kuti malonda abwino
Chotsani zodetsa m'madzi monga zitsulo, kuyimitsidwa zolimba, etc. Kukumana ndi zofuna kupanga ndikuwonetsetsa kuti pakhale ntchito.
ITUBORIT TOOROR: Oursolgen okondweretsa, mpweya woipa, wa etc. m'madzi amatha kuyambitsa chilengedwe cha zitsulo ndikufupikitsa moyo wa zida.
Kuwongolera microorganisms: mabakiteriya, algae ndi tizilombo tina m'madzi zimatha kuyambitsa kuipitsidwa kwa malonda, kumakhudzanso thanzi labwino komanso chitetezo chathanzi.
1.2 Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito
Kuchepetsa nthawi: Chithandizo chamadzi nthawi zonse chimatha kupewa kukula kwa zida ndi kututa kwa mankhwala ndi kukonza makonzedwe othandizira ndi zida, ndikusintha mphamvu.
Kuthana ndi Mankhwala: Kudzera mu mankhwalawa, madzi omwe amakumana ndi zofunika kuchita akhoza kupezeka kuti atsimikizire kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe kake.
1.3 kuchepetsa mtengo wopanga
Sungani Mphamvu: Kudzera mu mankhwala othandizira, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi kumatha kuchepetsedwa komanso ndalama zopangira zitha kupulumutsidwa.
Pewani kukula: Harness ions calcium ndi magnesium manyowa amadzi azikhala ndi mawonekedwe, amatsatira pamwamba pa zida, kuchepetsa kutentha kwa kutentha.
Moyo Wowonjezera Mankhwala: Kuchepetsa zida zokulitsa zida, moyo wautumiki wa zida zamagetsi, ndikuchepetsa zida zotsika.
Kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakuthupi: Kudzera mu mankhwalawa, kuwonongeka kwa biocraside kumatha kuchepetsedwa ndipo ndalama zopangira zitha kuchepetsedwa.
Chepetsani zida zoweta: kudzera mu chithandizo chamadzi, zida zotsalira mu zinyalala zamadzi zimatha kubwezeredwa ndikuyikanso kupanga, motero kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zopangira ndi ndalama zotsika.
1.4 Tetezani chilengedwe
Kuchepetsa mpweya wodetsedwa: Madzi ogulitsa mafakitale amathandizidwa, kupsinjika kwa zotulukapo kumatha kuchepetsedwa ndipo malo otetezedwa amatha kutetezedwa.
Zindikirani kubwezeretsa kwa madzi: kudzera m'madzi chithandizo chamadzi, madzi opangira mafakitale amatha kubwezeretsedwanso ndikudalira madzi am'madzi atha kuchepetsedwa.
1.5 kutsatira malamulo azachilengedwe
Kumanani Miyezo: Madzi a Farfam Inyenera Kukwaniritsa miyezo yadziko ndi yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mankhwalawa ndi njira yofunika kwambiri kukwaniritsa cholingachi.
Mwachidule, mankhwala amadzi a mafakitale samakhala okhudzana ndi mtundu wazogulitsa ndi mphamvu yopangidwa, komanso kuteteza pazachuma komanso kuteteza chilengedwe kwa mabizinesi. Kudzera mu mankhwala a sayansi ndi ovomerezeka, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu moyenera kwa madzi kungapezeke ndi kukhazikika kwa mafakitale kungalimbikitsidwe.
Chithandizo cha madzi mafakitale chimakwirira minda yambiri, kuphatikiza mphamvu, mankhwala, mankhwala ogulitsa, chakudya ndi chakumwa chake chimakonda kutengera miyezo yabwino.
2.1 Chithandizo Chachipatala (Chithandizo cha Madzi Opanda)
Chithandizo cha madzi osaphika m'madzi mafakitale makamaka chimaphatikizapo kusefedwa koyambirira, kuphatikizika, kukwera, kutulutsa, kusanthula kwa photon, kusokoneza komaliza. Mankhwala omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi:
CAAGALTs ndi maluwa: monga PC, Pam, Pdadmac, Polyamines, aluminium sulfate, etc.
- monga laimu ndi sodium carbonate.
dispensts: monga a Ticca, SDIC, Calcium hypochlorite, ozoni, chlorine dioxide, etc.
ph Olowera: Monga Aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, laimu, sulfuric acid, etc.
metal iondsdta, ion kusinthana malo ena etc.,
scale Anibebitor: Orgaphosphate, Orgaphosphorous Carboxylic Acids, etc.
adsorbents: monga oyambitsa kaboni, adayambitsa alumina, etc.
Kuphatikiza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kungathandize mafakitale amagetsi kuthetseratu zinthu zomwe zimezedwa, zitsulo zoikika, onetsetsani kuti madzi ndi microorganisms amakumana ndi zosowa zopanga zopanga.
2.2 Mankhwala othandizira madzi
Mankhwala othandizira madzi m'madzi mafakitale makamaka amaphatikizapo kukongoletsa, kufewetsa, kufewetsa, chitsulo ndi manganese, kuyamwa, kusakanizidwa. Gawo lirilonse limafunikira mankhwala osiyanasiyana kuti athetse madzi abwino ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mwachitapo kanthu kwa zida zamagetsi zosiyanasiyana. Mankhwala wamba amaphatikizira:
| Coagulants ndi mabotolo: | monga Pac, Pam, Pdadmac, Polyamines, aluminium sulfate, etc. |
| Ofewetsa: | monga laimu ndi sodium carbonate. |
| Mankhwala ophera tizilombo: | Monga a Tecca, SDIC, Calcium hypochlorite, ozoni, chlorine dioxide, etc. |
| PHSTERSTER: | Monga aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, laimu, sulfuric acid, etc. |
| Zitsulo za zitsulo: | EDTA, EANI Snunclunge |
| Scal Pokhola: | Ectophosphate, Orgaphosphorous Carboxyylic Acids, etc. |
| ADSORDEntS: | monga oyambitsa kaboni, adayambitsa alumina, etc. |
Mankhwalawa amatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyana zamadzi kudzera mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yamadzi, onetsetsani kuti madzi amakumana ndi miyezo ya zida, amachepetsa chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa zida, ndikusintha mphamvu.
2.3 Kukula Kuzizira Mankhwala Ozizira
Kutsatira mankhwala ozizira amadzi ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri chithandizo chamadzimadzi, makamaka m'malo opangira mafakitale (monga mbewu zozizira, ndi zina zozizira. Kuthana ndi masinthidwe amadzi ozizira kumatha kugwera, kutukula kwa microberi komanso mavuto ena chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo kwakukulu kwamadzi komanso kufalikira pafupipafupi. Chifukwa chake, njira zochizira madzi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera mavutowa ndikuwonetsetsa kuti pulogalamuyi ikhale yolimba.
Kukula kwa madzi ozizira kumafuna kupewa kukula, kudetsa kudetsa kuwonongeka kwadongosolo m'dongosolo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mukuziziritsa. Yang'anirani magawo akuluakulu m'madzi ozizira (monga pH, kuuma, kutumphuka, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi zina) ndi kupenda zovuta zamadzi za chithandizo chamadzi.
| Coagulants ndi mabotolo: | monga Pac, Pam, Pdadmac, Polyamines, aluminium sulfate, etc. |
| Ofewetsa: | monga laimu ndi sodium carbonate. |
| Mankhwala ophera tizilombo: | Monga a Tecca, SDIC, Calcium hypochlorite, ozoni, chlorine dioxide, etc. |
| PHSTERSTER: | Monga aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, laimu, sulfuric acid, etc. |
| Zitsulo za zitsulo: | EDTA, EANI Snunclunge |
| Scal Pokhola: | Ectophosphate, Orgaphosphorous Carboxyylic Acids, etc. |
| ADSORDEntS: | monga oyambitsa kaboni, adayambitsa alumina, etc. |
Mankhwala awa ndi njira zochizira chithandizo zimathandizira kukula, kuwonongeka, ndi microbial, kutsika zida zozizira zam'madzi, kuchepetsa zida zowonongeka ndi mphamvu zowononga, ndikusintha mphamvu.
2.4 Chithandizo cha Satater
Njira yothandizira madzi am'madzi osungiramo mafakitale imatha kugawidwa magawo angapo malinga ndi zolinga za acid Chiyanjano chilichonse chimafunikira mankhwala osiyanasiyana kugwirira ntchito limodzi kuti atsimikizire bwino bwino.
Chithandizo cha madzi otayira mafakitale chimagawidwa m'njira zitatu: zakuthupi, zamankhwala ndi kwachilengedwe, kuti mukwaniritse miyeso yopanda tanthauzo ndikuchepetsa kuipitsa chilengedwe.
Njira Yathupi:stonetion, kusefa, kutulutsa, ndi zina zambiri.
Njira Yothandizira Mankhwala:kulowerera, Redox, mpweya wa mankhwala.
Njira Yachilengedwe:Njira Yoyambitsa Sludge, nembanemba biorector (MBR), etc.
Mankhwala wamba amaphatikizira:
| Coagulants ndi mabotolo: | monga Pac, Pam, Pdadmac, Polyamines, aluminium sulfate, etc. |
| Ofewetsa: | monga laimu ndi sodium carbonate. |
| Mankhwala ophera tizilombo: | Monga a Tecca, SDIC, Calcium hypochlorite, ozoni, chlorine dioxide, etc. |
| PHSTERSTER: | Monga aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, laimu, sulfuric acid, etc. |
| Zitsulo za zitsulo: | EDTA, EANI Snunclunge |
| Scal Pokhola: | Ectophosphate, Orgaphosphorous Carboxyylic Acids, etc. |
| ADSORDEntS: | monga oyambitsa kaboni, adayambitsa alumina, etc. |
Kudzera mu kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa, madzi otayika mafakitale amatha kuthandizidwa ndikutsatira miyezo, ndipo ngakhale anagwiritsanso ntchito, kuthandizira kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi kuwononga madzi.
2.5 Chithandizo cha Madzi Obwezerezedwanso
Kukonzanso madzi kumatanthauza njira yamagetsi yoyang'anira mafakitale yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito madzi ogulitsa mafakitale atalandira chithandizo. Ndi kuchepa kwa madzi ambiri, minda yambiri ya mafakitale yatenga njira zobwezeretsaninso madzi, zomwe sizingopulumutsa ndalama zamadzi, komanso zimachepetsa mtengo wa chithandizo chamankhwala. Chinsinsi chobwezerezedwanso madzi ndikuchotsa zodetsa mu madzi kuti madziwo akwaniritsa zofunikira, zomwe zimafunikira kulondola kwaukadaulo komanso ukadaulo wapamwamba.
Njira yochizira madzi yobwezeretsanso makamaka imaphatikizapo njira zotsatirazi:
Kukopa:Chotsani tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokha ndi mafuta, kugwiritsa ntchito pac, Pam, etc.
Kusintha Kusintha:Sinthani Ph, nthawi zambiri mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito amaphatikiza sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, calcium hydroxide, etc.
Chithandizo chazochitika:Chotsani zinthu zachilengedwe, thandizirani kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo tatimu, gwiritsani ntchito ammonium chloride, sodium didihpharogen phosphate, etc.
Mankhwala a mankhwala:Kuchotsa kwa oxilectic yazinthu zachilengedwe komanso zitsulo zolemera, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ozoone, Perlolfate, sodium sulfide, etc.
Kupatulira kwa membrane:Gwiritsani ntchito osmosis osinthira, nanofustration, ndiukadaulo wa ultraftion kuti muchotse zinthu zosungunuka ndikuwonetsetsa kuti madzi.
Dinani:Chotsani tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, gwiritsani chlorine, ozone, calcium hypochlorite, etc.
Kuwunikira ndi kusintha:Onetsetsani kuti madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito amakumana ndi miyezoyo ndikugwiritsa ntchito zowongolera ndi zida zowunikira zosintha.
Defnoamers:Amapondaponda kapena kuchotsa chithovu pochepetsa nkhawa za madzi ndikuwononga kukhazikika kwa chithovu. (PANGANI ZOFUNIKIRA ZA ZOSAVUTA: Mankhwala othandizira mankhwala, chithandizo chamadzi chonyowa, chithandizo chamadzi chonyowa, kulandira mapepala, ndi zina zowirikiza, etc.)
Calcium hypochlorite:Amachotsa zodetsa monga momwe Ammonia nayitrogen
Kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi ndi mankhwala kumatsimikizira kuti mtundu wa zinyalala za kuvomerezeka umakumana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, zimathandizira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mu mafakitale.
Mankhwala a mafakitale amadzi ndi gawo lofunika pakupanga zamakono mafakitale. Njira yake ndi kusankha kwa mankhwala amafunika kuthandizidwa malinga ndi zomwe zikufunika. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwamankhwala sikungangotha kusintha mankhwalawa, komanso amachepetsa mtengo ndikuchepetsa chilengedwe. M'tsogolomu, popititsa patsogolo ukadaulo ndi kusintha kwa zofunikira za chilengedwe, chithandizo chamadzi cha mafakitale chimakula.