Njira Zopangira Madzi a Industrial Water ndi Chemical Applications
Mbiri
Ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha mafakitale, kufunikira kwa chithandizo cha madzi m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana kukuwonekera kwambiri. Kuchiza madzi a mafakitale sikungogwirizanitsa zofunikira kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti ndondomekoyi ikupita patsogolo, komanso ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yokwaniritsira malamulo a chilengedwe ndi zofunikira zachitukuko.
Mitundu Yochizira Madzi
| Madzi mankhwala mtundu | Cholinga chachikulu | Zinthu zazikulu zothandizira | Njira zazikulu. |
| Kukonzekera kwa madzi obiriwira | Kukwaniritsa zofunikira zamadzi am'nyumba kapena mafakitale | Madzi achilengedwe amadzi | Sefa, sedimentation, coagulation. |
| Njira yothetsera madzi | Kukwaniritsa zofunika ndondomeko | Industrial process madzi | Kufewetsa, desalination, deoxygenation. |
| Kuzungulira madzi ozizira mankhwala | Onetsetsani kuti zida zikuyenda bwino | Kuzungulira madzi ozizira | Kuthira mankhwala. |
| Kuchiza madzi oipa | Tetezani chilengedwe | Madzi owonongeka a mafakitale | Physical, mankhwala, mankhwala mankhwala. |
| Zobwezerezedwanso madzi mankhwala | Chepetsani kumwa madzi abwino | Madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito | Zofanana ndi kukonza madzi otayira. |
Mankhwala Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito Pamadzi
| Gulu | Mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri | Ntchito |
| Flocculating wothandizira | PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulphate, etc. | Chotsani zolimba zoyimitsidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe |
| Mankhwala opha tizilombo | monga TCCA, SDIC, ozoni, chlorine dioxide, Calcium Hypochlorite, etc | Amapha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'madzi (monga mabakiteriya, mavairasi, bowa ndi protozoa) |
| pH adjuster | Aminosulfonic acid, NaOH, laimu, sulfuric acid, etc. | Sinthani pH ya madzi |
| Zochotsa zitsulo | EDTA, ion kusintha utomoni | Chotsani ayoni azitsulo zolemera (monga chitsulo, mkuwa, lead, cadmium, mercury, faifi tambala, ndi zina zotero) ndi ayoni zitsulo zina zovulaza m'madzi. |
| Scale inhibitor | Organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids | Kuletsa mapangidwe a sikelo ndi calcium ndi magnesium ions. Komanso ali ndi zotsatira zina kuchotsa zitsulo ayoni |
| Deoxidizer | Sodium sulfite, hydrazine, etc. | Chotsani mpweya wosungunuka kuti muteteze dzimbiri la okosijeni |
| Wothandizira kuyeretsa | Citric acid, sulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid | Chotsani sikelo ndi zonyansa |
| Oxidants | ozoni, persulfate, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, etc. | Kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuchotsa zowononga ndi kukonza madzi abwino, etc. |
| Zofewa | monga laimu ndi sodium carbonate. | Imachotsa kuuma kwa ayoni (calcium, magnesium ions) ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo chopanga masikelo |
| Zosokoneza/Antifoam | Pewani kapena kuchotsa thovu | |
| Kuchotsa | Calcium Hypochlorite | chotsani NH₃-N m'madzi otayira kuti akwaniritse miyezo yotayira |
Tikhoza kupereka:
Kuchiza madzi a mafakitale kumatanthawuza njira yopangira madzi a mafakitale ndi madzi otulutsa madzi kudzera mwakuthupi, mankhwala, zachilengedwe ndi njira zina. Kusamalira madzi m'mafakitale ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga mafakitale, ndipo kufunikira kwake kumawonekera pazifukwa izi:
1.1 Onetsetsani kuti zinthu zili bwino
Chotsani zonyansa m'madzi monga ma ion zitsulo, zolimba zoyimitsidwa, ndi zina zambiri kuti mukwaniritse zofunikira zopanga ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino.
Imaletsa dzimbiri: mpweya wosungunuka, mpweya woipa, ndi zina zotero m'madzi zimatha kuwononga zida zachitsulo ndikufupikitsa moyo wa zida.
Kuwongolera tizilombo tating'onoting'ono: Bakiteriya, algae ndi tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono m'madzi tingayambitse kuipitsidwa kwazinthu, kusokoneza khalidwe lazinthu ndi chitetezo chaumoyo.
1.2 Kupititsa patsogolo luso la kupanga
Chepetsani nthawi yopuma: Kuthirira madzi nthawi zonse kumatha kupewa kukulitsa zida ndi dzimbiri, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kukonza ndikusintha zida, motero kumathandizira kupanga bwino.
Konzani zochitika za ndondomeko: Kupyolera mu chithandizo cha madzi, madzi omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira za ndondomeko angapezeke kuti atsimikizire kukhazikika kwa kupanga.
1.3 Kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira
Sungani mphamvu: Kupyolera mu kuyeretsa madzi, zida zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zimatha kuchepetsedwa ndipo ndalama zopangira zikhoza kupulumutsidwa.
Pewani makulitsidwe: Ma ion olimba monga calcium ndi ma magnesium ions m'madzi apanga masikelo, amamatira pamwamba pa zida, amachepetsa kutentha kwapakati.
Kukulitsa moyo wa zida: Chepetsani kuwonongeka kwa zida ndi makulitsidwe, onjezerani moyo wautumiki wa zida, ndikuchepetsa kuchepa kwamitengo ya zida.
Chepetsani kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakuthupi: Kupyolera mu kuthirira madzi, kutaya kwa biocides kumatha kuchepetsedwa ndipo ndalama zopangira zitha kuchepetsedwa.
Chepetsani kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangira: Kupyolera mu kuthira madzi, zotsalira zomwe zatsala mumadzi otayira zitha kubwezeredwa ndikubwezeretsedwanso m'kupanga, motero kuchepetsa kuwononga zinthu ndikuchepetsa mtengo wopangira.
1.4 Tetezani chilengedwe
Chepetsani mpweya woipa: Madzi otayira m'mafakitale akathiridwa, kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa kumatha kuchepetsedwa ndipo malo amadzi amatha kutetezedwa.
Zindikirani kukonzanso kwa madzi: Kupyolera mu kuyeretsa madzi, madzi a m'mafakitale akhoza kubwezeretsedwanso ndipo kudalira madzi abwino kungachepetse.
1.5 Kutsatira malamulo a chilengedwe
Kukwaniritsa miyezo yotulutsa utsi: Madzi otayira m'mafakitale amayenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yapadziko lonse komanso yakumaloko, ndipo kuthira madzi ndi njira yofunikira kuti mukwaniritse cholingachi.
Mwachidule, kukonza madzi m'mafakitale sikungokhudzana ndi khalidwe lazogulitsa ndi kupanga bwino, komanso phindu lachuma ndi kuteteza chilengedwe cha mabizinesi. Kupyolera mu sayansi ndi mankhwala oyenera a madzi, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi kungathe kutheka ndipo chitukuko chokhazikika cha mafakitale chikhoza kulimbikitsidwa.
Industrial madzi mankhwala chimakwirira zosiyanasiyana minda, kuphatikizapo mphamvu, mankhwala, mankhwala, zitsulo, chakudya ndi chakumwa mafakitale, etc. Njira yake yochizira nthawi zambiri makonda malinga ndi zofunika madzi khalidwe ndi kukhetsa mfundo.
2.1 Chithandizo Chachikoka (Kukonzekera Kwamadzi Aawisi)
Kukonzekera kwamadzi aiwisi pochiza madzi m'mafakitale makamaka kumaphatikizapo kusefedwa koyambirira, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, flotation, disinfection, pH kusintha, kuchotsa zitsulo ion ndi kusefera komaliza. Mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi awa:
Coagulants ndi flocculants: monga PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, etc.
Zofewetsa: monga laimu ndi sodium carbonate.
Kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: monga TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, ndi zina zotero.
pH osintha: monga aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, laimu, sulfuric acid, etc.
Metal ion removersEDTA, ion exchange resin etc.,
scale inhibitor: organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acid, etc.
Ma Adsorbents: monga activated carbon, activated alumina, etc.
Kuphatikiza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kungathandize kuti madzi a m'mafakitale athetse bwino kuchotsa zinthu zomwe zaimitsidwa, zowononga organic, ayoni zitsulo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'madzi, kuonetsetsa kuti madzi abwino akukumana ndi zofunikira zopanga, ndi kuchepetsa kulemedwa kwa chithandizo chotsatira.
2.2 Njira Yopangira Madzi
Njira yoyeretsera madzi pochiza madzi m'mafakitale makamaka imaphatikizapo kukonzanso, kufewetsa, kutulutsa mpweya, kuchotsa chitsulo ndi manganese, kuchotsa mchere, kutsekereza ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Gawo lililonse limafuna mankhwala osiyanasiyana kuti akwaniritse bwino madzi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zida zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale zikuyenda bwino. Mankhwala odziwika bwino ndi awa:
| Coagulants ndi flocculants: | monga PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulphate, etc. |
| Zofewa: | monga laimu ndi sodium carbonate. |
| Mankhwala opha tizilombo: | monga TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozoni, chlorine dioxide, etc. |
| Zosintha za pH: | monga aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, laimu, sulfuric acid, etc. |
| Zochotsa zitsulo zachitsulo: | EDTA, ion kusinthana utomoni |
| Scale inhibitor: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acid, etc. |
| Ma Adsorbents: | monga activated carbon, activated alumina, etc. |
Mankhwalawa amatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyana zamadzi opangira madzi kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana zoyeretsera madzi, kuwonetsetsa kuti madzi amakwaniritsa miyezo yopangira, kuchepetsa chiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa zida, ndikuwongolera kupanga bwino.
2.3 Kuzungulira kwa Madzi Oziziritsa
Kuzungulira madzi ozizira ozizira ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la mankhwala a madzi a mafakitale, makamaka m'mafakitale ambiri (monga mafakitale a mankhwala, magetsi, zitsulo zazitsulo, etc.), kumene machitidwe a madzi ozizira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zoziziritsa ndi njira. Njira zozungulira madzi ozizira zimatha kukulitsa, dzimbiri, kukula kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi mavuto ena chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo kwamadzi komanso kufalikira pafupipafupi. Choncho, njira zothandizira madzi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa mavutowa ndikuwonetsetsa kuti dongosololi likugwira ntchito mokhazikika.
Kuwongolera madzi oziziritsa kozungulira kumafuna kuletsa makulitsidwe, dzimbiri ndi kuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe m'dongosolo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kuziziritsa bwino. Yang'anirani magawo akulu m'madzi ozizira (monga pH, kuuma, turbidity, mpweya wosungunuka, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ndi zina zotero) ndikuwunika zovuta zamtundu wamadzi kuti muwachiritse.
| Coagulants ndi flocculants: | monga PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulphate, etc. |
| Zofewa: | monga laimu ndi sodium carbonate. |
| Mankhwala opha tizilombo: | monga TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozoni, chlorine dioxide, etc. |
| Zosintha za pH: | monga aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, laimu, sulfuric acid, etc. |
| Zochotsa zitsulo zachitsulo: | EDTA, ion kusinthana utomoni |
| Scale inhibitor: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acid, etc. |
| Ma Adsorbents: | monga activated carbon, activated alumina, etc. |
Mankhwalawa ndi njira zochizira zimathandizira kupewa kukulitsa, dzimbiri, ndi kuipitsidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kuwonetsetsa kuti madzi oziziritsa azikhala okhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa zida ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito.
2.4 Kusamalira Madzi Otayidwa
Njira yopangira madzi otayira m'mafakitale imatha kugawidwa m'magawo angapo malinga ndi mawonekedwe amadzi otayira ndi zolinga zamankhwala, makamaka kuphatikiza pretreatment, acid-base neutralization, kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zolimba zoyimitsidwa, chithandizo chapakatikati komanso chapamwamba, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kutsekereza, kuchiritsa matope. ndi mankhwala obwezeretsanso madzi. Ulalo uliwonse umafunikira mankhwala osiyanasiyana kuti agwire ntchito limodzi kuti awonetsetse kuti ntchitoyo imagwira ntchito bwino komanso yokwanira bwino pakuwongolera madzi oyipa.
Kusamalira madzi onyansa m'mafakitale kumagawidwa m'njira zitatu zazikulu: zakuthupi, zamankhwala ndi zachilengedwe, kuti zikwaniritse miyezo yotulutsa mpweya ndikuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe.
Njira yakuthupi:sedimentation, kusefera, flotation, etc.
Chemical njira:neutralization, redox, mpweya wa mankhwala.
Njira Yachilengedwe:adamulowetsa sludge njira, nembanemba bioreactor (MBR), etc.
Mankhwala odziwika bwino ndi awa:
| Coagulants ndi flocculants: | monga PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulphate, etc. |
| Zofewa: | monga laimu ndi sodium carbonate. |
| Mankhwala opha tizilombo: | monga TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozoni, chlorine dioxide, etc. |
| Zosintha za pH: | monga aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, laimu, sulfuric acid, etc. |
| Zochotsa zitsulo zachitsulo: | EDTA, ion kusinthana utomoni |
| Scale inhibitor: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acid, etc. |
| Ma Adsorbents: | monga activated carbon, activated alumina, etc. |
Kupyolera mukugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa mogwira mtima, madzi otayira m'mafakitale amatha kuthiridwa ndi kutayidwa motsatira miyezo, ngakhale kugwiritsidwanso ntchito, kuthandiza kuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe komanso kugwiritsa ntchito madzi.
2.5 Kuyeretsa Madzi Obwezerezedwanso
Kuyeretsa madzi obwezerezedwanso kumatanthauza njira yoyendetsera madzi yomwe imagwiritsanso ntchito madzi otayidwa m'mafakitale akatha kuwakonza. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa madzi, minda yambiri ya mafakitale yatengera njira zowonongeka zamadzi, zomwe sizimangopulumutsa madzi, komanso zimachepetsa mtengo wa mankhwala ndi kutulutsa. Chinsinsi cha mankhwala obwezeretsanso madzi ndikuchotsa zowononga m'madzi otayira kuti madziwo akwaniritse zofunikira kuti agwiritsidwenso ntchito, zomwe zimafuna kulondola kwapamwamba komanso luso lamakono.
Njira yoyeretsera madzi obwezerezedwanso imakhala ndi izi:
Kuchiza:chotsani tinthu tambiri ta zonyansa ndi mafuta, pogwiritsa ntchito PAC, PAM, ndi zina.
Kusintha kwa pH:sintha pH, mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, calcium hydroxide, etc.
Chithandizo chachilengedwe:Chotsani zinthu zachilengedwe, kuthandizira kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo, gwiritsani ntchito ammonium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, etc.
Chithandizo cha mankhwala:oxidative kuchotsa zinthu organic ndi zitsulo zolemera, ozoni ambiri, persulfate, sodium sulfide, etc.
Kupatukana kwa mamemba:gwiritsani ntchito reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ndi ultrafiltration kuti muchotse zinthu zomwe zasungunuka ndikuwonetsetsa kuti madzi ali abwino.
Kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda:chotsani tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, gwiritsani ntchito chlorine, ozoni, calcium hypochlorite, ndi zina zotero.
Kuyang'anira ndi kusintha:Onetsetsani kuti madzi ogwiritsidwanso ntchito akukwaniritsa miyezo ndikugwiritsa ntchito zowongolera ndi zida zowunikira kuti asinthe.
Zosokoneza:Amapondereza kapena kuthetsa chithovu pochepetsa kuthamanga kwamadzimadzi ndikuwononga kukhazikika kwa thovu. (Magwiritsidwe ntchito a defoamers: njira zochiritsira zachilengedwe, chithandizo chamadzi onyansa, mankhwala amadzi otayira amankhwala, kuthira madzi onyansa m'zakudya, kukonza madzi otayira pamapepala, etc.)
Calcium hypochlorite:Amachotsa zowononga monga ammonia nitrogen
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa njirazi ndi mankhwala kumatsimikizira kuti ubwino wa madzi otayira oyeretsedwa umakwaniritsa miyezo yogwiritsidwanso ntchito, zomwe zimalola kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito bwino popanga mafakitale.
Kuchiza madzi a mafakitale ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga mafakitale amakono. Njira yake ndi kusankha kwa mankhwala kuyenera kukonzedwa molingana ndi zofunikira za ndondomeko. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala moyenera sikungangowonjezera zotsatira za mankhwala, komanso kuchepetsa ndalama komanso kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe. M'tsogolomu, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa teknoloji ndi kupititsa patsogolo zofunikira za chitetezo cha chilengedwe, mankhwala a madzi a mafakitale adzakula m'njira yanzeru komanso yobiriwira.