Njira Zoyeretsera Madzi a M'mafakitale ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala
Chiyambi
Ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale mwachangu, kufunika kwa kuyeretsa madzi m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana kukuonekera kwambiri. Kuyeretsa madzi m'mafakitale sikuti ndi njira yofunikira yotsimikizira kuti ntchitoyi ikuyenda bwino, komanso ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yokwaniritsira malamulo okhudza chilengedwe ndi zofunikira pa chitukuko chokhazikika.
Mtundu wa Kuchiza Madzi
| Mtundu wa mankhwala a madzi | Cholinga chachikulu | Zinthu zazikulu zothandizira | Njira zazikulu. |
| Kukonza madzi osaphika | Kukwaniritsa zofunikira za madzi apakhomo kapena a mafakitale | Madzi achilengedwe ochokera ku magwero a madzi | Kusefa, kusungunuka kwa madzi, kugawanika kwa madzi. |
| Kuchiza madzi pogwiritsa ntchito njira yothira | Kukwaniritsa zofunikira zenizeni za njira | Madzi opangira mafakitale | Kufewetsa, kuchotsa mchere m'nthaka, kuchotsa mpweya m'nthaka. |
| Kuchiza madzi ozizira mozungulira | Onetsetsani kuti zipangizo zikugwira ntchito bwino | Madzi ozizira ozungulira | Chithandizo cha mlingo. |
| Kuchiza madzi otayira | Tetezani chilengedwe | Madzi otayira m'mafakitale | Chithandizo cha thupi, mankhwala, ndi zamoyo. |
| Kukonzanso madzi | Chepetsani kumwa madzi abwino | Madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito | Mofanana ndi kuyeretsa madzi otayira. |
Mankhwala Ochiza Madzi Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito Kawirikawiri
| Gulu | Mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri | Ntchito |
| Wothandizira kusakaniza | PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, ndi zina zotero. | Chotsani zinthu zolimba zomwe zapachikidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe |
| Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda | monga TCCA, SDIC, ozone, chlorine dioxide, Calcium Hypochlorite, ndi zina zotero. | Amapha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'madzi (monga mabakiteriya, mavairasi, bowa ndi ma protozoa) |
| chosinthira pH | Aminosulfonic acid, NaOH, laimu, sulfuric acid, ndi zina zotero. | Sinthani pH ya madzi |
| Zochotsa ma ion achitsulo | EDTA, utomoni wosinthana wa Ion | Chotsani ma ayoni achitsulo cholemera (monga chitsulo, mkuwa, lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, ndi zina zotero) ndi ma ayoni ena achitsulo owopsa m'madzi. |
| Choletsa masikelo | Organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids | Kuletsa kupanga ma scale ndi ma calcium ndi ma magnesium ions. Kumathandizanso kuchotsa ma ion achitsulo. |
| Chotsitsa mpweya | Sodium sulfite, hydrazine, ndi zina zotero. | Chotsani mpweya wosungunuka kuti mupewe kuwonongeka kwa mpweya |
| Woyeretsera | Asidi ya citric, sulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid | Chotsani sikelo ndi zonyansa |
| Oxidants | ozoni, persulfate, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, ndi zina zotero. | Kuchotsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuchotsa zinthu zoipitsa madzi ndi kukonza ubwino wa madzi, ndi zina zotero. |
| Zofewetsa | monga laimu ndi sodium carbonate. | Amachotsa ma ayoni olimba (calcium, magnesium ions) ndipo amachepetsa chiopsezo cha kupanga ma scale |
| Zonyoza/Choletsa thovu | Chotsani kapena chotsani thovu | |
| Kuchotsa | Kashiamu Hypochlorite | Chotsani NH₃-N m'madzi otayira kuti ikwaniritse miyezo yotulutsira madzi |
Mankhwala Ochiza Madzi Omwe Tingapereke:
Kusamalira madzi m'mafakitale kumatanthauza njira yosamalira madzi m'mafakitale ndi madzi otuluka kudzera m'njira zakuthupi, zamankhwala, zamoyo ndi zina. Kusamalira madzi m'mafakitale ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga mafakitale, ndipo kufunika kwake kumawonekera m'mbali zotsatirazi:
1.1 Onetsetsani kuti zinthu zili bwino
Chotsani zinthu zodetsa m'madzi monga ayoni achitsulo, zinthu zolimba zopachikidwa, ndi zina zotero kuti mukwaniritse zosowa za kupanga ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino.
Zimaletsa dzimbiri: Mpweya wosungunuka, carbon dioxide, ndi zina zotero m'madzi zimatha kuyambitsa dzimbiri pa zipangizo zachitsulo ndikufupikitsa moyo wa zipangizozo.
Lamulani tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: Mabakiteriya, algae ndi tizilombo tina m'madzi tingayambitse kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu, zomwe zingakhudze ubwino wa zinthu komanso chitetezo cha thanzi.
1.2 Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yopangira zinthu
Kuchepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito: Kusamalira madzi nthawi zonse kungalepheretse kukula kwa zipangizo ndi dzimbiri, kuchepetsa nthawi yosamalira ndi kusintha zida, motero kungathandize kuti ntchito yokonza zinthu izigwire bwino ntchito.
Konzani bwino momwe zinthu zilili: Kudzera mu kukonza madzi, ubwino wa madzi womwe umakwaniritsa zofunikira pa ntchito ungapezeke kuti pakhale bata pa ntchito yopanga.
1.3 Chepetsani ndalama zopangira
Sungani mphamvu: Kudzera mu kukonza madzi, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa zida kungachepe ndipo ndalama zopangira zingasungidwe.
Pewani kukula: Ma ayoni olimba monga ma ayoni a calcium ndi magnesium m'madzi amapanga sikelo, amamatira pamwamba pa chipangizocho, amachepetsa mphamvu yoyendetsera kutentha.
Kutalikitsa nthawi ya zida: Kuchepetsa dzimbiri ndi kukula kwa zida, kutalikitsa nthawi ya ntchito ya zida, ndikuchepetsa ndalama zomwe zida zimawononga.
Chepetsani kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu: Kudzera mu kuyeretsa madzi, kutaya kwa zinthu zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kungachepe ndipo ndalama zopangira zingachepe.
Chepetsani kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zopangira: Kudzera mu kukonza madzi, zinthu zotsala zomwe zili mumadzi zinyalala zimatha kubwezedwanso ndikubwezeretsedwanso kuti zipangidwe, motero kuchepetsa kutayika kwa zinthu zopangira ndikuchepetsa ndalama zopangira.
1.4 Kuteteza chilengedwe
Chepetsani mpweya woipa: Madzi otayira m'mafakitale akakonzedwa, kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa kumatha kuchepetsedwa ndipo malo okhala m'madzi amatha kutetezedwa.
Dziwani kubwezeretsanso madzi: Kudzera mu kukonza madzi, madzi amafakitale amatha kubwezeretsedwanso ndipo kudalira madzi abwino kungachepe.
1.5 Kutsatira malamulo okhudza chilengedwe
Kukwaniritsa miyezo yokhudzana ndi utsi: Madzi otayira m'mafakitale ayenera kukwaniritsa miyezo ya dziko lonse komanso ya m'deralo yokhudzana ndi utsi, ndipo kukonza madzi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yokwaniritsira cholinga ichi.
Mwachidule, kukonza madzi m'mafakitale sikungokhudzana ndi ubwino wa zinthu ndi kupanga bwino, komanso phindu la zachuma komanso kuteteza chilengedwe cha mabizinesi. Kudzera mu njira yasayansi komanso yoyenera yosamalira madzi, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi kungatheke ndipo chitukuko chokhazikika cha mafakitale chingalimbikitsidwe.
Kukonza madzi m'mafakitale kumakhudza madera osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo magetsi, mankhwala, mankhwala, zitsulo, mafakitale azakudya ndi zakumwa, ndi zina zotero. Njira yake yokonza madzi nthawi zambiri imasinthidwa malinga ndi zofunikira pa khalidwe la madzi komanso miyezo yotulutsira madzi.
2.1 Mankhwala ndi Mfundo Zothandiza pa Chithandizo Champhamvu (Kuchiza Madzi Osaphika)
Kukonza madzi osaphika mu ntchito yokonza madzi m'mafakitale kumaphatikizapo kusefa koyamba, kuuma, kuyandama, kuyandama, kuyandama, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kusintha pH, kuchotsa ayoni yachitsulo ndi kusefa komaliza. Mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi awa:
Ma coagulants ndi ma flocculants: monga PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, ndi zina zotero.
Zofewetsa: monga laimu ndi sodium carbonate.
Mafuta ophera tizilombo: monga TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, ndi zina zotero.
Zosintha za pH: monga aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, laimu, sulfuric acid, ndi zina zotero.
Zochotsa ma ion achitsuloEDTA, utomoni wosinthana ma ion ndi zina zotero,
choletsa kukula: organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, ndi zina zotero.
Zokometsera: monga mpweya wokonzedwa, alumina wokonzedwa, ndi zina zotero.
Kuphatikiza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amenewa kungathandize kuyeretsa madzi m'mafakitale kuchotsa bwino zinthu zopachikidwa, zinthu zoipitsa zachilengedwe, ma ayoni achitsulo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'madzi, kuonetsetsa kuti madzi abwino akukwaniritsa zosowa zopangira, ndikuchepetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha kuyeretsa.
2.2 Mankhwala ndi Mfundo Zokhudza Kukonza Madzi
Kukonza madzi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyeretsera madzi m'mafakitale kumaphatikizapo kuyeretsa madzi asanayambe, kufewetsa, kuchotsa poizoni m'thupi, kuchotsa chitsulo ndi manganese, kuchotsa mchere m'madzi, kuyeretsa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Gawo lililonse limafuna mankhwala osiyanasiyana kuti madzi azikhala abwino komanso kuonetsetsa kuti zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale zikugwira ntchito bwino. Mankhwala odziwika bwino ndi awa:
| Ma coagulants ndi ma flocculants: | monga PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, ndi zina zotero. |
| Zofewetsa: | monga laimu ndi sodium carbonate. |
| Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: | monga TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozoni, chlorine dioxide, ndi zina zotero. |
| Zosintha pH: | monga aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, laimu, sulfuric acid, ndi zina zotero. |
| Zochotsa ma ion achitsulo: | EDTA, utomoni wosinthana wa Ion |
| Choletsa masikelo: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, ndi zina zotero. |
| Zokometsera: | monga mpweya wokonzedwa, alumina wokonzedwa, ndi zina zotero. |
Mankhwalawa amatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyana za madzi okonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zokonzera madzi, kuonetsetsa kuti ubwino wa madzi ukukwaniritsa miyezo yopangira, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa zida, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito opangira.
2.3 Mankhwala ndi Mfundo Zoyendetsera Madzi Oziziritsa
Kuyeretsa madzi ozizira m'mafakitale ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakuyeretsa madzi m'mafakitale, makamaka m'malo ambiri opangira mankhwala (monga mafakitale opanga mankhwala, mafakitale amagetsi, mafakitale achitsulo, ndi zina zotero), komwe makina oziziritsira madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zoziziritsira ndi njira zoziziritsira. Makina oziziritsira madzi m'mafakitale amatha kukhudzidwa ndi kukula, dzimbiri, kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mavuto ena chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi komanso kuyenda kwawo pafupipafupi. Chifukwa chake, njira zogwira mtima zoyeretsera madzi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa mavutowa ndikuwonetsetsa kuti makinawo akugwira ntchito bwino.
Kuyeretsa madzi ozizira m'madzi kumafuna kupewa kukhuthala, dzimbiri, ndi kuipitsidwa kwa zamoyo m'dongosolo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kuziziritsa kukugwira ntchito bwino. Yang'anirani magawo akuluakulu a madzi ozizira (monga pH, kuuma, kukhuthala, mpweya wosungunuka, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi zina zotero) ndikusanthula mavuto a khalidwe la madzi kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera.
| Ma coagulants ndi ma flocculants: | monga PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, ndi zina zotero. |
| Zofewetsa: | monga laimu ndi sodium carbonate. |
| Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: | monga TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozoni, chlorine dioxide, ndi zina zotero. |
| Zosintha pH: | monga aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, laimu, sulfuric acid, ndi zina zotero. |
| Zochotsa ma ion achitsulo: | EDTA, utomoni wosinthana wa Ion |
| Choletsa masikelo: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, ndi zina zotero. |
| Zokometsera: | monga mpweya wokonzedwa, alumina wokonzedwa, ndi zina zotero. |
Mankhwala ndi njira zochizira zimenezi zimathandiza kupewa kukula, dzimbiri, ndi kuipitsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuonetsetsa kuti madzi ozizira akugwira ntchito bwino kwa nthawi yayitali, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa zida ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito a makina.
2.4 Mankhwala ndi Mfundo Zokhudza Kusamalira Madzi Otayidwa
Njira yoyeretsera madzi otayira m'mafakitale ingagawidwe m'magawo angapo malinga ndi mawonekedwe a madzi otayira ndi zolinga zoyeretsera, makamaka kuphatikiza kuyeretsa madzi asanayambe, kuletsa asidi, kuchotsa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zinthu zolimba zomwe zapachikidwa, kuyeretsa kwapakati ndi kwapamwamba, kuyeretsa ndi kuyeretsa, kuyeretsa matope ndi kuyeretsa madzi obwezerezedwanso. Chingwe chilichonse chimafuna mankhwala osiyanasiyana kuti agwire ntchito limodzi kuti atsimikizire kuti njira yoyeretsera madzi otayira ikugwira ntchito bwino komanso mokwanira.
Kusamalira madzi otayira m'mafakitale kumagawidwa m'njira zitatu zazikulu: zakuthupi, zamankhwala ndi zachilengedwe, kuti zikwaniritse miyezo yotulutsa mpweya ndikuchepetsa kuipitsa chilengedwe.
Njira yakuthupi:kusefa, kuyandama, ndi zina zotero.
Njira ya mankhwala:kuletsa kufalikira kwa zinthu, redox, ndi kupopera kwa mankhwala.
Njira yachilengedwe:njira yothira madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito, membrane bioreactor (MBR), ndi zina zotero.
Mankhwala ofala ndi awa:
| Ma coagulants ndi ma flocculants: | monga PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, ndi zina zotero. |
| Zofewetsa: | monga laimu ndi sodium carbonate. |
| Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: | monga TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozoni, chlorine dioxide, ndi zina zotero. |
| Zosintha pH: | monga aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, laimu, sulfuric acid, ndi zina zotero. |
| Zochotsa ma ion achitsulo: | EDTA, utomoni wosinthana wa Ion |
| Choletsa masikelo: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, ndi zina zotero. |
| Zokometsera: | monga mpweya wokonzedwa, alumina wokonzedwa, ndi zina zotero. |
Pogwiritsa ntchito bwino mankhwala amenewa, madzi otayira m'mafakitale amatha kutsukidwa ndi kutayidwa motsatira miyezo, komanso kugwiritsidwanso ntchito, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa kuipitsa chilengedwe komanso kugwiritsa ntchito madzi.
2.5 Mankhwala ndi Mfundo Zokhudza Kuyeretsa Madzi Obwezerezedwanso
Kuyeretsa madzi obwezerezedwanso kumatanthauza njira yoyendetsera madzi yomwe imagwiritsanso ntchito madzi otayira m'mafakitale akakonzedwanso. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa madzi, madera ambiri amafakitale agwiritsa ntchito njira zoyeretsera madzi obwezerezedwanso, zomwe sizimangopulumutsa madzi okha, komanso zimachepetsa mtengo woyeretsera ndi kutulutsa madzi. Chinsinsi cha kuyeretsa madzi obwezerezedwanso ndikuchotsa zoipitsa m'madzi otayira kuti madzi azikhala abwino kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zogwiritsanso ntchito, zomwe zimafuna kulondola kwambiri komanso ukadaulo wokonza.
Njira yoyeretsera madzi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi obwezerezedwanso imaphatikizapo magawo ofunikira awa:
Chithandizo chisanachitike:Chotsani tinthu tambiri ta zinthu zodetsedwa ndi mafuta, pogwiritsa ntchito PAC, PAM, ndi zina zotero.
Kusintha kwa pH:Sinthani pH, mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi monga sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, calcium hydroxide, ndi zina zotero.
Chithandizo cha zamoyo:Chotsani zinthu zachilengedwe, thandizani kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, gwiritsani ntchito ammonium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, ndi zina zotero.
Mankhwala:kuchotsa kwa okosijeni kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zitsulo zolemera, ozone, persulfate, sodium sulfide, ndi zina zotero.
Kulekanitsa kwa nembanemba:Gwiritsani ntchito ukadaulo wa reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ndi ultrafiltration kuti muchotse zinthu zosungunuka ndikuwonetsetsa kuti madzi ndi abwino.
Kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda:Chotsani tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, gwiritsani ntchito chlorine, ozone, calcium hypochlorite, ndi zina zotero.
Kuwunika ndi kusintha:Onetsetsani kuti madzi ogwiritsidwanso ntchito akukwaniritsa miyezo ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zowongolera ndi zowunikira kuti zisinthe.
Zoletsa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya:Amaletsa kapena kuchotsa thovu mwa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya pamwamba pa madzi ndikuwononga kukhazikika kwa thovu. (Machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito ma defoamer: njira zochizira zamoyo, mankhwala ochizira madzi otayidwa, mankhwala ochizira madzi otayidwa, chakudya chotsukira madzi otayidwa, kupanga mapepala, ndi zina zotero.)
Kashiamu hypochlorite:Amachotsa zinthu zoipitsa monga ammonia nayitrogeni
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira ndi mankhwala amenewa kumatsimikizira kuti ubwino wa madzi otayidwa omwe akonzedwawo ukukwaniritsa miyezo yogwiritsidwanso ntchito, zomwe zimathandiza kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito bwino popanga mafakitale.
Kukonza madzi m'mafakitale ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga mafakitale amakono. Njira zake ndi kusankha mankhwala ziyenera kukonzedwa bwino malinga ndi zofunikira pa njira zinazake. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mwanzeru sikungowonjezera zotsatira za kuchiza, komanso kuchepetsa ndalama ndikuchepetsa zotsatira pa chilengedwe. M'tsogolomu, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo ndi kusintha kwa zofunikira zoteteza chilengedwe, kukonza madzi m'mafakitale kudzakula m'njira yanzeru komanso yobiriwira.