Kupeza madzi akumwa oyera, otetezeka, komanso okwera mtengo kumakhalabe chimodzi mwa zolinga zofunika kwambiri paumoyo wa anthu ku Latin America. Mayankho ogwira mtima ochizira madzi ndi ofunikira kwambiri poteteza anthu ndi zachilengedwe. Pakati pa ma coagulants osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa madzi akumwa,Polyaluminium mankhwala enaake(PAC) yakhala imodzi mwa njira zodziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito bwino, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama, komanso kusinthasintha kwake pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yamadzi.
Nkhaniyi ifotokoza momwe mungasankhire mtundu wa PAC woyenera kutsukidwa madzi akumwa ku Latin America - poganizira malamulo am'deralo, mawonekedwe a madzi osaphika, ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito - kuti zithandize ogulitsa, ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale, ndi madipatimenti amadzi kupanga zisankho zogula bwino.
Kodi PAC ndi chiyani ndipo chifukwa chiyani imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi akumwa
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) ndi polima yopanda zinthu zachilengedweChokometsera, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuchotsa matope, utoto ndi zinthu zodetsa zachilengedwe m'madzi osaphika. Mosiyana ndi aluminiyamu yachikhalidwe ya sulfate (alum), PAC imatha kugwira ntchito bwino pa pH yokulirapo ndikupanga ma flocs olimba komanso okhuthala, motero imakhazikika mwachangu.
Pochiza madzi akumwa, PAC, monga cholumikizira chachikulu, imasonkhanitsa tinthu tomwe timapachikidwa, ma colloid ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zachilengedwe, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zichotsedwe mosavuta kudzera mu sedimentation ndi kusefa.
Ubwino waukulu wa PAC poyerekeza ndi alum wamba:
Imagwira ntchito bwino mkati mwa pH yochuluka (5.0-9.0).
Mlingo wocheperako umafunika
Pangani aluminiyamu yotsala pang'ono
Chepetsani kuchuluka kwa matope
Sinthani magwiridwe antchito osefera komanso kumveka bwino
Makhalidwe amenewa amapangitsa kuti PAC ikhale yoyenera kwambiri pa magwero a madzi pamwamba monga mitsinje, malo osungiramo madzi ndi nyanja - zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri m'maiko aku Latin America.
Mvetsetsani Magiredi Osiyanasiyana a PAC
Magiredi ndi mafotokozedwe a PAC (Polyaaluminium chloride) nthawi zambiri amagawidwa kutengera zomwe zili mu zigawo zake zazikulu ndi mawonekedwe a ntchito. Popeza miyezo yopangira ya PAC ikhoza kukhala miyezo ya dziko, miyezo yamakampani kapena miyezo ya opanga, mafotokozedwe enieni amatha kusiyana pang'ono, koma zizindikiro zazikulu zoyezera ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Zotsatirazi ndi zizindikiro zazikulu za Yuncang PAC:
| Chinthu | PAC-I | PAC-D | PAC-H | PAC-M | PAC-G |
| Maonekedwe | Ufa wachikasu | Ufa wachikasu | Ufa woyera | Ufa wa mkaka | Ufa woyera ngati mkaka |
| Zomwe zili mkati (%, Al2O3) | 29±1 | 30±1 | 30±1 | 30±1 | 30±1 |
| Kuyambira (%) | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 |
| Zinthu zosasungunuka m'madzi (%) | 1.0 MAX | 0.6 MAX | 0.6 MAX | 0.6 MAX | 0.6 MAX |
| pH | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 |
PAC-D
PAC yachikasu pang'ono, yopangidwa ndi madzi akumwa yokhala ndi zitsulo zochepa, yabwino kwambiri pokonza madzi akumwa. Imapereka mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yotsekereza madzi ndipo ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pokonza madzi m'mafakitale.
PAC-H
PAC yoyera bwino kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyeretsa madzi akumwa, madzi otayidwa m'mafakitale, popaka ma electroplating, komanso popanga mapepala. Imapereka kumveka bwino komanso aluminiyamu yochepa yotsalira.
PAC-M
Njira ina yoyera ngati mkaka, yotsika mtengo m'malo mwa PAC-H yokhala ndi magwiridwe ofanana pakumwa ndi ntchito zotsukira madzi m'mafakitale.
PAC-G
Chogulitsa cha PAC cha m'badwo wotsatira chomwe chimapereka chithandizo chabwino kwambiri kuposa PAC-H pomwe chili chotsika mtengo kuposa PAC-H ndi PAC-M.
PAC-I
Ufa wachikasu, PAC yapamwamba kwambiri yopangidwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zoyeretsera madzi otayira, kuphatikizapo nsalu, chikopa, kusindikiza, kupukuta utoto, ndi kupukuta mitsinje. Ndi ntchito yosavuta, PAC-I imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri poyeretsa madzi okhala ndi matope ambiri ndipo imapereka chiŵerengero chabwino kwambiri cha mtengo ndi magwiridwe antchito.
Mavuto Okhudza Ubwino wa Madzi a Kumwa ku Latin America
Mikhalidwe ya ubwino wa madzi ku Latin America imasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi chigawo, zomwe zimakhudza kusankha kwa PAC grade ndi njira yoperekera madzi.
Nazi zitsanzo za mavuto omwe anthu ambiri amakumana nawo chifukwa cha madzi komanso kuchira kwawo m'maiko ofunikira:
| Dziko | Makhalidwe Abwinobwino a Madzi Osaphika | Vuto Lofunika Kwambiri |
| Brazil | Kuchuluka kwa dothi, mtundu, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zochokera m'mitsinje ya m'madera otentha | Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe |
| Argentina | Dongo lopanda madzi komanso lopanda madzi | kusintha kwa pH, kusintha kwa kutentha |
| Chile | Madzi a pamwamba ochokera ku Andes omwe ali ndi matope ochepa | Kutentha kozizira, komwe kumafuna kukhuthala bwino |
| Peru | Madzi a m'mapiri okhala ndi mchere wochepa | Kusintha pH ndi alkalinity |
| Colombia | Mitsinje ya m'mizinda yokhala ndi zinthu zoipitsa zachilengedwe ndi mafakitale | COD ndi kuchotsa utoto |
Nazi zitsanzo za mavuto omwe anthu ambiri amakumana nawo chifukwa cha madzi komanso kuchira kwawo m'maiko ofunikira:
Kusinthasintha kwa PAC pa kutentha ndi pH kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera m'malo osiyanasiyana awa.
Mwachitsanzo:
Ku Brazil, PAC yamadzimadzi 10% nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina a m'matauni chifukwa cha magwiridwe ake okhazikika nthawi yamvula.
Ku Chile ndi Peru, PAC yokhazikika kwambiri (85–90%) imapereka kuuma mwachangu m'madzi a m'mapiri otentha pang'ono.
Polyaluminium Chloride: Malamulo ndi Miyezo Yabwino ku Latin America
Pakukonza madzi akumwa ku Latin America, PAC iyenera kutsatira miyezo yoyenera yachitetezo cha dziko ndi mayiko ena.
Maumboni odziwika bwino okhudza malamulo ndi awa:
Brazil:Muyezo wa ABNT NBR 15784 / ANVISA wa madzi akumwa
Argentina ndi Chile:Malangizo a Unduna wa Zaumoyo (Ministerio de Salud) Zotsalira za Aluminiyamu (<0.2 mg/L)
Mexico:NOM-127-SSA1-2021 (Kuchuluka kwa aluminiyamu kokwanira 0.2 mg/L)
WHO (World Health Organization): Zotsalira za aluminiyamu m'madzi oyeretsedwa <0.2 mg/L
Zinthu za PAC zapamwamba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa madzi akumwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi makhalidwe awa:
Zinthu zochepa zosasungunuka (<0.1%)
Kuchuluka kwa chitsulo (<0.005%)
Kuchuluka kwa Al₂O₃ (≥30%)
Ogulitsa ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti ogulitsa awo a PAC akupereka ziphaso za NSF/ANSI 60, REACH kapena ISO 9001 kuti atsimikizire kuti malondawo akutsatira bwino komanso kuti zinthuzo zikutsatira malamulo a chitetezo.
Sankhani PAC Yoyenera Mogwirizana ndi Zikhalidwe Zam'deralo
Posankha PAC yoyeretsera madzi akumwa, ogulitsa ndi mainjiniya ayenera kuganizira zinthu zitatu zazikulu izi:
· Gwero la madzi ndi makhalidwe ake
Madzi a pamwamba (mitsinje, malo osungiramo madzi): Gwiritsani ntchito PAC ya alkalinity yapakati mpaka yapamwamba (70-85%) pochiza matope ambiri ndi zinthu zachilengedwe.
Madzi apansi pa nthaka kapena madzi a kasupe: Kugwiritsa ntchito PAC yokhala ndi alkalinity yochepa (60-70%) kungapangitse kuti madzi aziundana pang'ono komanso kuchepetsa zotsalira za aluminiyamu.
· Kapangidwe ka fakitale ndi njira yoyezera mlingo
Kwa mafakitale akuluakulu a m'matauni: Liquid PAC (10-18%) ndi yosavuta kusakaniza yokha ndipo imachepetsa fumbi.
Kwa madera akumidzi kapena machitidwe ogawa: PAC yophikidwa ndi ufa imakhala ndi mawonekedwe a nthawi yayitali yosungiramo zinthu komanso kunyamula kosavuta.
· Kusinthasintha kwa kutentha ndi nyengo
M'madera otentha (Brazil, Colombia), PAC yokhazikika yokhala ndi alkalinity yocheperako imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
M'madera ozizira (monga Chile ndi kum'mwera kwa Argentina), PAC yokhala ndi alkalinity yambiri imatha kukulitsa luso la kupanga ma floc pa kutentha kochepa.
Kodi Ogawa a PAC Angapitirire Bwanji Mpikisano?
Kuti apitirize kupikisana pamsika wosamalira madzi ku Latin America, ogulitsa ayenera:
Gwirizanani ndi odalirikaOpanga PACkupereka chithandizo chokhazikika komanso chaukadaulo.
Perekani malangizo apafupi pa mlingo ndi kuyesa bwino momwe zinthu zilili.
Perekani maphukusi osakhazikika ndi maphukusi ang'onoang'ono kwa ogulitsa am'deralo.
Onetsani satifiketi (NSF, REACH, ISO) ndi kuwongolera khalidwe la chinthucho.
Popeza anthu akuzindikira bwino za chitetezo cha madzi komanso ndalama zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito pokonza zomangamanga, kufunikira kwa madzi akumwa ku PAC ku Latin America kukuyembekezeka kupitirira kukwera. Mwa kusankha zinthu zapamwamba komanso zovomerezeka za PAC ndikuzisunga m'njira yoyenera komanso m'mapaketi, ogulitsa amatha kutenga gawo lofunikira pothandizira thanzi la anthu komanso kuteteza chilengedwe m'dera lonselo.
Yuncang ikhoza kupereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya PAC. Ngati pakufunika kutero, chonde pitani ku:Mafotokozedwe a Polyaluminium Chloride
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-05-2025