Kusamalira madzi otayira m'migodi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zovuta kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka madzi m'mafakitale.Polyacrylamide(PAM), monga chotsukira madzi chogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuchotsa madzi otayika. Komabe, si zinthu zonse za PAM zomwe zili zoyenera kuchotsera madzi otayika. Kusankha mtundu woyenera, kulemera kwa mamolekyulu, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito kumakhudza mwachindunji kugwira ntchito bwino kwa chithandizo, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama, komanso kutsatira miyezo yotulutsira madzi otayika.
Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe mungasankhire chinthu choyenera cha PAM kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito pochiza madzi otayira m'migodi, cholinga chake ndi kuthandiza mainjiniya, magulu ogula, ndi ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale popanga zisankho zodziwa bwino ntchito yawo.
Kumvetsetsa Makhalidwe a Madzi Otayira mu Migodi
Madzi otayira m'migodi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zolimba zomwe zimapachikidwa, zitsulo zolemera, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndi zotsalira za mankhwala. Kumvetsetsa makhalidwe a madzi otayira m'migodi n'kofunika musanasankhe PAM. Ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamigodi zimapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya madzi otayira:
Magwero Ofala a Madzi Otayira Migodi
- ▶ Kukumba ndi kutsuka malasha
- ▶ Kukumba miyala yachitsulo (golide, mkuwa, chitsulo, zinki)
- ▶ Kukumba nthaka yosowa
- ▶ Kukumba miyala ndi kukonza zinthu zonse pamodzi
- ▶ Kutulutsa zinthu zosoka
Zinthu Zoyipitsa Zomwe Zimapezeka M'madzi Otayira Migodi
- ▶ Zinthu zolimba zopachikidwa bwino (dongo, silika, matope)
- ▶ Ma ayoni achitsulo cholemera (chitsulo, mkuwa, lead, zinc, manganese)
- ▶ Kutayirira kwakukulu
- ▶ Mikhalidwe ya pH ya asidi kapena ya alkaline
- ▶ Ma colloid achilengedwe ndi osapangidwa
Mavuto Okhudza Kukonza Madzi Otayira M'migodi
- ▶ Kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kwambiri (kovuta kukhazikika mwachilengedwe)
- ▶ Kukhazikika kwamphamvu kwa mphamvu ya pamwamba ya ma colloid
- ▶ Kuchuluka kwa matope
- ▶ Kusiyanasiyana kwa ubwino wa madzi m'magawo onse a migodi
Chifukwa cha zinthu izi, kugwira ntchito bwino kwa flocculation kumakhala kofunikira kwambiri kuti chithandizo chipambane, ndipo polyacrylamide (PAM) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mankhwala ofunikira.
Udindo wa Polyacrylamide mu Kukonza Madzi Otayira Migodi
Polyacrylamide (PAM) ndi polima wosungunuka m'madzi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati flocculant. Umasonkhanitsa tinthu tomwe timapachikidwa m'ma floc akuluakulu, motero umafulumizitsa sedimentation kapena kusefa.
- ✓ Kulekanitsa kolimba ndi madzi
- ✓ Kuwonjezeka kwa liwiro lokhazikika
- ✓ Kuchepa kwa matope
- ✓ Kuchotsa madzi m'matope pogwiritsa ntchito thandizo
- ✓ Amachepetsa kufunika kwa okosijeni wa mankhwala (COD) nthawi zina
Mitundu ya Polyacrylamide
PAM nthawi zambiri imagawidwa m'magulu atatu:
Kutengera ndi makhalidwe enieni a madzi otayidwa, mphamvu ya chithandizo cha mtundu uliwonse imasiyana.
Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri Posankha PAM mu Migodi Madzi Otayira
Kusankha PAM si chisankho chongochitika kamodzi kokha. Zinthu zotsatirazi ziyenera kuunikiridwa mosamala.
Mtundu wa PAM (Kusankha Ndalama)
Anionic Polyacrylamide (PAM) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa madzi otayira chifukwa tinthu tambiri ta mchere timakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino—kapena mphamvu ya pamwamba yopanda mbali—pakakhala asidi, motero zimathandiza kuti madzi azilowa bwino.
Zabwino Kwambiri pa:
- Madzi otayira otsukira malasha
- Kukongoletsa miyala yachitsulo
- Chithandizo cha ming'alu
- Madzi okhala ndi matope ambiri
Ubwino:
- Mphamvu yolumikizirana mwamphamvu
- Kupanga kwa floc mwachangu
- Yotsika mtengo
Cationic polyacrylamide siigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri m'madzi otayidwa omwe sanakonzedwe, koma imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pokonza matope.
Zabwino Kwambiri pa:
- Kuchotsa madzi m'matope m'migodi
- Madzi otayira okhala ndi tinthu tachilengedwe tomwe tili ndi mphamvu yoipa
Ubwino:
- Kuletsa kubweza mwamphamvu
- Yothandiza pochiza matope
Polyacrylamide yosakhala ionic imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo apadera pomwe kuyanjana kwa electrostatic kuli kochepa.
Zabwino Kwambiri pa:
- Madzi otayira osakhuthala kwambiri
- Machitidwe okhala ndi mchere wambiri
- Malo okhala ndi pH yosalowerera
Kusankha Kulemera kwa Maselo
Kulemera kwa mamolekyu kumatsimikiza kutalika kwa unyolo wa polyacrylamide (PAM) ndipo kumakhudza mwachindunji kukula kwa ma flocs.
Kulemera Kochepa kwa Maselo
- Amasungunuka mwachangu kwambiri
- Mphamvu yofooka yopanga floc
- Sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pokumba madzi otayira
- Kuchita bwino
- Yoyenera madzi okhala ndi matope pang'ono
Kulemera Kwambiri kwa Maselo
- Mphamvu yolumikizirana mwamphamvu
- Amapanga ma thread akuluakulu, okhazikika mofulumira
- Yoyenera kutsukidwa ndi madzi otayira m'migodi
Malangizo:
Pakukumba madzi otayira—chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono komanso tokhazikika—polyacrylamide (PAM) yolemera kwambiri nthawi zambiri ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri.
Kuchuluka kwa Chaji
Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kumatanthauza kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya ayoni yomwe ilipo pa unyolo wa polima.
Kuchuluka Kotsika kwa Chaji
- Yoyenera madzi oipitsidwa pang'ono
- Kulephera kusuntha kwa madzi m'thupi
Kuchuluka kwapakati
- Kuchita bwino
- Yoyenera madzi otayira osiyanasiyana
Kuchuluka Kwambiri kwa Chaji
- Kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa ma adsorption kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono
- Zabwino kwambiri pochiza madzi otayira omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi ochulukirapo m'migodi
Malangizo Okhudza Kukonza Madzi Otayira M'migodi:
Kuthamanga Kwambiri → Kuchuluka Kwambiri kwa Anionic Polyacrylamide
Machitidwe Osakanikirana → PAM Yokhala ndi Mphamvu Yapakatikati
pH Mikhalidwe ya Madzi
pH imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakugwira bwino ntchito kwa flocculation.
- Madzi otayira okhala ndi asidi (pH <6):CPAMor NPAM imachita bwino.
- Madzi otayira osalowerera (pH 6–8): Polyacrylamide ya anionic ndi nonionic ingagwiritsidwe ntchito.
- Madzi otayira a alkaline (pH > 8): Kusankha mosamala ndikofunikira; PAM ya anionic nthawi zambiri imakondedwa, ndipo kusintha kwa mlingo ndikofunikira.
Chifukwa cha kukonza miyala, migodi yamadzi otayira nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi asidi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anionic polyacrylamide ikhale chisankho chofala kwambiri.
Kufalikira kwa Tinthu Tomwe Tili Opachikidwa M'madzi Otayidwa
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timapangitsa kuti kukhazikika kukhale kovuta.
- Tinthu tating'onoting'ono: Polyacrylamide yolemera pang'ono ingakhale yokwanira.
- Ma colloids abwino: Amafuna polyacrylamide yolemera kwambiri.
- Ma tailings a Ultrafine: Amafuna mphamvu zambiri + njira yabwino yoyezera.
Makhalidwe a Madzi Otayirira mu Migodi
Ngati PAM ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa madzi m'matope:
- Kuchuluka kwa matope achilengedwe: Cationic polyacrylamide ndiyo yabwino kwambiri
- Madzi oundana a mchere: Anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) ndi omwe amakondedwa kwambiri
- Madzi osakanikirana: Kuyesedwa kwa labotale kumafunika
Kukonza Mlingo wa PAM
Ngakhale PAM yabwino kwambiri idzalephera ngati mlingo wake si wolondola.
Mlingo wosakwanira:
- Kusapangika bwino kwa floc
- Kutayikira kwakukulu kwa madzi otuluka
Mlingo wochuluka
- Kukhazikitsanso tinthu tating'onoting'ono
- Kukwera kwa mitengo
- Dothi lomata
Njira yabwino kwambiri:
Nthawi zonse yesani botolo musanagwiritse ntchito bwino.
Buku Lothandizira PAM pa Kukonza Madzi Otayira M'migodi
Kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera ndikofunikira mofanana ndi kusankha mankhwala.
Kutsimikiza Kutha kwa Kusweka
- Gwiritsani ntchito madzi oyera (pewani kugwiritsa ntchito madzi olimba kwambiri)
- Kuchuluka kwa madzi: 0.1%–0.5%
- Sakanizani pang'onopang'ono kwa mphindi 30-60
- Pewani kusakaniza mwachangu (kuti mupewe kusweka kwa unyolo wa polima)
Kusankha Malo Opangira Injection
- Onjezani polyacrylamide (PAM) pambuyo pa ma coagulants (monga polyaluminum chloride kapena ferric salts).
- Onetsetsani kuti mwasakaniza bwino musanagwiritse ntchito dothi.
Zosakaniza Zoyenera
- Gawo Losakaniza Mwachangu: Onetsetsani kuti kugawa kumagwirizana
- Gawo Losakanizidwa: Kudula pang'ono kofunikira kuti udzu ukule
Kodi Kusakaniza kwa PAC + PAM Kumafunika Liti Pokonza Madzi Otayira Migodi?
Kukonza Mlingo wa PAM
Mawonekedwe:
- Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba zomwe zimayimitsidwa kwambiri
- Tinthu tambirimbiri komanso tating'onoting'ono
- Mtundu wofiirira
Zitsanzo:
- Madzi otayira m'migodi
- Madzi otayira a m'mbuyo
- Madzi otayira a mchenga ndi miyala
Ndondomeko Yothandizira:
- Choyamba, PAC imakanikiza gawo lamagetsi awiri, zomwe zimasokoneza kukhazikika.
- Kenako PAM imachita bridging flocculation.
- Iyi ndi njira yodziwika bwino yogwiritsira ntchito pamodzi.
Chiwerengero Chachikulu cha Tinthu ta Colloidal
Makhalidwe:
- Kukula kwa tinthu tating'ono kwambiri (<1 μm)
- Ali ndi mphamvu yokhazikika yotsutsa
- Zovuta kukhazikika mwachibadwa
Zitsanzo:
- Madzi otayira ochokera m'migodi yadothi
- Madzi otayira ochokera ku kutsuka kosakaniza
Chifukwa chiyani PAC ikufunika:
- Kukwera kwa mitengo
- Kusagwirizana ndi PAC ndikofunikira choyamba
Madzi Osinthasintha Kwambiri
Makhalidwe:
- Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa pH ndi turbidity
- Zinthu zolimba zosakhazikika
Zitsanzo:
- Kusakaniza madzi otuluka m'matanthwe a mchere osiyanasiyana
- Madzi otayira omwe amapangidwa nthawi ndi nthawi
Zifukwa zogwiritsira ntchito pamodzi:
- PAC imapereka "kukhazikika koyambira"
- PAM imasintha kapangidwe ka floc
Chofunikira Chokhazikitsa Mwachangu
Zitsanzo:
- Chokhuthala cha tailings
- Chowunikira cha liwiro lalikulu
Ubwino Wogwiritsa Ntchito Pamodzi:
- PAC imapanga ma micro-flocs
- PAM imapanga macro-flocs
- Liwiro lokhazikika lawonjezeka kwambiri
Zofunikira pakugwiritsanso ntchito madzi apansi pamadzi
Zofunikira:
- Kutsika kwa matope
- Zolimba zotsika zopachikidwa (SS)
Zitsanzo:
- Makina amadzi obwezerezedwanso m'mafakitale
- Makina oyeretsera madzi ozungulira mchere
Ubwino wophatikizana:
- PAC imachotsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono
- PAM imapangitsa kuti kusefa kugwire bwino ntchito
Muli Michere Yosakanikirana
Makhalidwe:
- Kuchuluka kwa malo ovuta; Kufalikira kwamphamvu
Zitsanzo:
- Madzi otayira osakanikirana a mkuwa ndi chitsulo; Zotsalira za polymetallic
Mayankho:
- PAC (Polymerized Charge Environment); PAM (Polymerized Aggregator) kuti akwaniritse kusonkhana kwa kapangidwe kake
Mapeto
Kusankha mtundu woyenera wa PAM pochizira madzi otayika m'migodi ndi chisankho chaukadaulo chomwe chimakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito a chithandizo, ndalama zogwirira ntchito, komanso kutsatira malamulo a chilengedwe. Pa ntchito zambiri zochizira madzi otayika m'migodi, anionic polyacrylamide yokhala ndi mamolekyulu ambiri imakhalabe chisankho chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso chothandiza, koma kusankha koyenera kuyenera kutengera mayeso a labotale ndi kutsimikizika kwa malo.
Ngati mukukumana ndi vuto la kusefukira kwa madzi pang'onopang'ono, kutayikira kwambiri, kapena kusintha kwakukulu kwa madzi otayira m'migodi, ndipo mukufuna wogulitsa wodalirika wa PAM wokhala ndi chithandizo chaukadaulo komanso chapamwamba nthawi zonse, Yuncang ndiye chisankho chanu chabwino kwambiri.
Timapereka zambiri osati mankhwala okha; timapereka njira zosinthira madzi zomwe zimapangidwira kutengera momwe madzi anu alili. Kaya mukufuna kukonza matope a ultrafine, madzi otayira okhala ndi matope ambiri, kapena makina okhala ndi pH yosinthasintha kwambiri, gulu lathu laukadaulo lingakulimbikitseni mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya zinthu za PAC ndi PAM, mlingo, ndi njira zoyezera kuti zitsimikizire kuti madzi akusefukira mwachangu, madzi oyera, komanso njira zosavuta zochotsera matope pambuyo pake.
Ndi kukhazikika kwa zinthu zomwe zilipo komanso kumvetsetsa bwino zinthu zomwe zilipo, tadzipereka kukuthandizani kupeza zotsatira zodalirika komanso zodalirika pakukonza madzi otayira, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti gulu lililonse likukwaniritsa miyezo yomwe mukufuna.
Lumikizanani nafe lero kuti mupeze zitsanzo za PAM zomwe zingakuthandizeni kukonza madzi otayira m'migodi, upangiri waulere woyesera beaker, ndi mayankho okonzedwa mwamakonda.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-06-2026
