Buku Lokwanira Lothandizira Kusamalira Madzi Moyenera
Machitidwe oyeretsera madzi amadalira kwambiri njira zotsekereza madzi kuti achotse tinthu tomwe timachotsedwa, zinthu zachilengedwe, ndi matope m'madzi. Ena mwa mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'njira zimenezi ndi awa:Polyaluminum chloride (PAC)ndiPolyacrylamide (PAM).
Zikagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pamodzi, PAC ndi PAM zimatha kusintha kwambiri momwe madzi amagwirira ntchito, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala, komanso kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwa matope. Komabe, kuphatikiza kosayenera—monga kutsata kolakwika kwa mlingo kapena kuchuluka kwa madzi—kungathandize kuchepetsa kugwira ntchito bwino kwa mankhwala.
Nkhaniyi ikupereka chitsogozo chathunthu chaukadaulo cha momwe mungaphatikizire PAC ndi PAM mu coagulation, kuphatikiza mfundo, njira zoyezera, njira zowongolera, ndi zolakwika zofala zomwe ziyenera kupewedwa.
Kumvetsetsa Udindo wa PAC ndi PAM mu Coagulation
Musanakambirane momwe mungawaphatikizire, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa momwe mankhwala aliwonse amagwirira ntchito mu njira yolumikizirana ndi kutsekeka kwa madzi.
Polyaluminum chloridendi cholumikizira cha polima chosapangidwa chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza madzi akumwa, kuchiza madzi otayidwa m'mafakitale, komanso machitidwe a zinyalala za m'matauni.
PAC imagwira ntchito makamaka kudzera mu kuletsa mphamvu ya magetsi ndi kuyamwa madzi. M'madzi ambiri achilengedwe, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapachikidwa timakhala ndi mphamvu zoyipa, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti asatuluke ndikuletsa kuti asakhazikike. PAC imatulutsa ma ayoni a aluminiyamu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zabwino zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya magetsiyi isatuluke. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timeneti tikangosungunuka, timayamba kusonkhana kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta microflocs.
Ubwino wa PAC
- Mphamvu yolimba yolumikizirana
- Kuchotsa matope moyenera
- Kugwiritsa ntchito pH yochuluka
- Kuchuluka kwa matope ochepa poyerekeza ndi mchere wa aluminiyamu wamba
- Yoyenera kutsukidwa m'madzi akumwa komanso m'madzi otayira
Komabe, PAC yokha ingapangitse tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhazikika pang'onopang'ono, ndipo apa PAM imakhala yofunika kwambiri.
Polyacrylamidendi organic polymer flocculant yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbikitsa kusuntha ndi kukhazikika. PAM imagwira ntchito makamaka kudzera mu polima bridge. Maunyolo ake ataliatali a mamolekyu amalumikiza ma microfloc angapo pamodzi, kupanga ma floc akuluakulu komanso okhuthala omwe amakhazikika mwachangu.
Mitundu ya PAM yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi
Pali mitundu itatu ikuluikulu:
- Anionic PAM (APAM)
- Cationic PAM (CPAM)
- PAM Yopanda Ionic (NPAM)
Mu machitidwe ambiri a PAC + PAM, PAM ya anionic imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa PAC imapereka kale mphamvu yoletsa ma charge.
Ubwino wa PAM mu machitidwe otsekeka kwa magazi
- Amakulitsa kukula kwa floc
- Imafulumizitsa kusungunuka kwa nthaka
- Zimathandiza kuchotsa madzi m'matope
- Amachepetsa mlingo wa PAC
- Zimathandizira kuti kusefa kugwire bwino ntchito
Chifukwa Chake PAC ndi PAM Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito Pamodzi
Kugwiritsa ntchito PAC ndi PAM pamodzi kumapanga mphamvu yogwirizana ya coagulation-flocculation.
Njira yogwirira ntchito pang'onopang'ono
PAC imasokoneza tinthu tating'onoting'ono, imaletsa ma charges, ndikupanga ma micro-flocs.
Maunyolo a PAM amalumikiza ma microfloc kukhala ma floc akuluakulu.
Ma dambo akuluakulu amamira mofulumira m'matangi osungiramo madzi.
Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito polyaluminum chloride ndi polyacrylamide pamodzi
- Kuchotsa dothi lochuluka
- Nthawi yokhazikika mwachangu
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala pang'ono
- Kuchuluka kwa matope
- Kugwira bwino ntchito kwa fyuluta
Chifukwa cha ubwino uwu, kuphatikiza kwa PAC + PAM kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu:
- Malo oyeretsera madzi otayira m'matauni
- Kuchiza madzi otayira m'mafakitale
- Kuyeretsa madzi otayira m'migodi
- Kuchiza madzi otayira m'fakitale ya mapepala
- Kuyeretsa madzi akumwa
Kutsata Mlingo Woyenera wa PAC ndi PAM
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti magazi azitseke bwino ndi momwe magazi amayeretsedwera. Dongosolo lolondola ndi ili:PAC yoyamba → PAM yachiwiri
Chifukwa chake PAC iyenera kuwonjezeredwa kaye
PAC iyenera choyamba kuletsa mphamvu ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikupanga ma microflocs oyamba. Popanda sitepe iyi, mamolekyu a PAM amangosungunuka m'madzi ndipo sangathe kumangirira tinthu tating'onoting'ono bwino.
Njira zodziwika bwino zoperekera mlingo
- Thanki yosakanizira mwachangu
- Kulowetsa PAC
- Kusakaniza mwachangu (masekondi 30–60)
- Jakisoni wa PAM
- Kusakaniza pang'onopang'ono (gawo la flocculation)
- Kusefukira kwa nthaka
⚠️ Cholakwika chofala:Kuwonjezera PAM musanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito PAC ndi cholakwika chofala chomwe chimayambitsa kupanga kwa floc kosakwanira komanso mankhwala otayidwa.
Mlingo woyenera wa PAC ndi PAM
Mlingo umasiyana malinga ndi ubwino wa madzi, kuuma kwa madzi, ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba zomwe zimapachikidwa.
Ma ranges wamba ndi awa:
Mlingo wa PAC
Madzi akumwa: 5–50 mg/L
Madzi otayira m'mafakitale: 30–200 mg/L
Mlingo wa PAM
Kawirikawiri mtengo wake ndi wotsika kwambiri kuposa wa PAC
Mtundu wamba: 0.1–3 mg/L
Lamulo lalikulu
Mlingo wa PAM nthawi zambiri umakhala 1/100 mpaka 1/50 ya mlingo wa PAC.
Kuchuluka kwa PAM kungayambitse:
- Ma floc omata
- Kukhazikika bwino
- Kutsekeka kwa fyuluta
Chifukwa chake, kuyezetsa mtsuko ndikofunikira kuti mudziwe mlingo woyenera.
Kukonzekera Mayankho a PAC ndi PAM
Kukonzekera bwino mankhwala ndikofunikira kuti mupereke mlingo wokhazikika.
* Kukonzekera yankho la PAC
PAC nthawi zambiri imakonzedwa ngati yankho la 5–10%.
PAC imasungunuka mwachangu ndipo nthawi zambiri ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mkati mwa tsiku lomwelo.
*Kukonzekera njira ya PAM
PAM imafuna kukonzekera mosamala kwambiri.
Kuchuluka kwa nthawi zonse:
Yankho la 0.05–0.1%
Chitsanzo chokonzekera:
- Onjezani madzi mu thanki yosakaniza
- Pang'onopang'ono thirani ufa wa PAM
- Sakanizani pang'onopang'ono kwa mphindi 30-60
- Lolani kuti ukalamba ukhale kwa mphindi 30
Mfundo zofunika:
- Pewani kusakaniza mwachangu kwambiri (kungaswe unyolo wa polima)
- Gwiritsani ntchito madzi oyera
- Konzani yankho latsopano tsiku lililonse
Kusakaniza Zinthu Kuti Kukhale Kogwira Ntchito Kwambiri Popanga Coagulation
Kusakaniza mphamvu kumakhudza kwambiri momwe magazi amagwirira ntchito.
Gawo losakaniza mwachangu
Cholinga: kufalitsa PAC mwachangu.
Magawo wamba:
- Nthawi: masekondi 30–60
- Kuthamanga kwa liwiro (G): 700–1000 s⁻¹
Gawo la Flocculation
Cholinga: kulola kuti udzu ukule popanda kusweka.
Magawo wamba:
- Nthawi: Mphindi 15–30
- Kuthamanga kwa liwiro: 20–80 s⁻¹
PAM nthawi zambiri imawonjezedwa kumayambiriro kwa gawo la flocculation.
Kuyesa kwa Mitsuko kuti Kukonzekeretse Njira
Kuyesa jar ndiyo njira yodalirika kwambiri yodziwira kuphatikiza kwabwino kwambiri kwa PAC ndi PAM.
Njira yoyesera mitsuko yokhazikika
- Konzani zitsanzo zingapo za madzi
- Onjezani mlingo wosiyana wa PAC
- Kusakaniza mwachangu
- Onjezani PAM
- Kusakaniza pang'onopang'ono
- Yang'anirani kupangika kwa floc
- Yesani kutayikira kwa madzi mutatha kukhazikika
Mfundo zazikulu:
- Kukula kwa udzu
- Liwiro lokhazikika
- Kuyera kwa madzi
Mlingo woyenera kwambiri umapanga:
- Ma flek akuluakulu
- Kukhazikika mwachangu
- Madzi oyera odabwitsa
Zolakwa Zofala Pophatikiza PAC ndi PAM
Ngakhale ogwira ntchito odziwa bwino ntchito nthawi zina amakumana ndi mavuto.
Mapeto
Kuphatikiza Polyaluminum Chloride ndi Polyacrylamide ndi njira imodzi yothandiza kwambiri pakukonza kugayika kwa magazi m'madzi.
PAC imasokoneza tinthu tomwe timapachikidwa kudzera mu kuletsa mphamvu ya magetsi, pomwe PAM imawonjezera kupangika kwa floc kudzera mu polymer bridging. Akagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatira ndondomeko yoyenera—PAC yoyamba, PAM yachiwiri—mankhwalawa amapanga floc zazikulu, zokhuthala zomwe zimakhazikika mwachangu ndikupanga madzi oyera.
Kuti akwaniritse zotsatira zabwino kwambiri, ogwira ntchito ayenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pa:
- Ndondomeko yoyenera ya dosing
- Kulamulira mlingo molondola
- Kukonzekera bwino yankho
- Mikhalidwe yabwino yosakaniza
- Kuyesa kwa mtsuko kuti musinthe njira
Ndi njira zoyenera zogwirira ntchito, PAC ndi PAM zitha kusintha kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a madzi, magwiridwe antchito okhazikika a matope, komanso kudalirika kwa makina onse.
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-18-2026
