Poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride)—yodziwika bwino mongaPDADMAC or PolyDADMAC—ndi polima ya cationic yothandiza kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza madzi m'matauni ndi m'mafakitale. Monga cholumikizira champhamvu champhamvu, chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuchotsa matope, kuchotsa matope, kuchotsa utoto, komanso kulekanitsa madzi olimba.
Komabe, ngakhale kuti imagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, malo ambiri oyeretsera madzi amapanga zolakwika zomwe sizingapeweke posankha, kupereka mlingo, ndikugwiritsa ntchito PDADMAC. Zolakwika izi zingayambitse kuchepa kwa ntchito ya flocculation, kuchuluka kwa matope, zinyalala za mankhwala, zoopsa zotsatizana ndi malamulo, komanso ndalama zosafunikira zogwirira ntchito.
Munkhaniyi, tifufuza:
- Zolakwika zofala kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito PDADMAC
- Zifukwa zaukadaulo zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto a magwiridwe antchito
- Njira zothandiza zowongolera
- Malangizo a akatswiri okhudza machitidwe a boma ndi mafakitale
Bukuli lalembedwa kuti lithandize oyang'anira mafakitale, mainjiniya okonza madzi, ndi akatswiri ogula mankhwala omwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mapulogalamu awo odulira madzi.
Chifukwa chiyani PDADMAC ndi Yofunika?
PDADMAC ndi homopolymer ya cationic yopangidwa kuchokera ku diallyldimethylammonium chloride monomers. Imagwira ntchito makamaka kudzera mu:
- Kuletsa kubweza
- Kuwonongeka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono
- Kutseka kusuntha kwa madzi
Makhalidwe ake ofunikira ndi awa:
- Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya cationic
- Kusungunuka bwino m'madzi
- Kukhazikika pa pH yochuluka
- Kugwirizana ndi zinthu zopanda chilengedwe monga PAC ndi alum
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu:
- Kuyeretsa madzi akumwa a boma
- Kuchiza madzi otayira m'mafakitale
- Kuyeretsa madzi otayira m'fakitale ya mapepala
- Kuchotsa utoto wa madzi otayira nsalu
- Kukhuthala kwa matope ndi kuchotsa madzi m'thupi
Ngakhale ubwino wake, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika kungachepetse kwambiri magwiridwe ake.
Cholakwika Chachikulu #1: Mlingo Wolakwika (Kumwa Mopitirira Muyeso Kapena Kuchepetsa Mlingo)
Chifukwa Chake Zimachitikira
Ogwira ntchito ambiri amadalira kuchuluka kwa mlingo wokhazikika m'malo mochita mayeso a mtsuko nthawi zonse.Ubwino wa madzi umasinthasintha tsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa cha:
- Kusintha kwa chisokonezo champhamvu
- Kusintha kwa nyengo
- Kusinthasintha kwa zotulutsa zamagetsi m'mafakitale
- Zochitika za mvula
Zotsatira za Kuchepetsa Mlingo wa Mankhwala
- Kusapangika bwino kwa floc
- Madzi oyeretsedwa amakhala ndi matope ambiri
- Kuchuluka kwa katundu pa kusefera kwapansi
Zotsatira za Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mopitirira Muyeso
- Kukonzanso tinthu tating'onoting'ono
- Kuchuluka kwa matope
- Mitengo yambiri ya mankhwala
- Mavuto a polima otsala
Njira Yabwino Kwambiri
- Chitani mayeso a mitsuko nthawi zonse
- Sinthani mlingo kutengera kukhuthala kwa madzi ndi kuthekera kwa zeta
- Monitor sludge volume index (SVI)
Kukonza mlingo bwino kungachepetse ndalama zogulira mankhwala ndi 10–25% m'machitidwe ambiri.
Cholakwika Chachiwiri: Kunyalanyaza Kusankha Kulemera kwa Maselo
Si zinthu zonse za PDADMAC zomwe zili zofanana. Kulemera kosiyanasiyana kwa mamolekyulu kumakhudza magwiridwe antchito.
Kulemera Kochepa kwa Maselo
- Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya chaji mwachangu
- Yoyenera madzi opanda madzi ambiri
Kulemera Kwambiri kwa Maselo
- Kutha bwino kulumikiza
- Yoyenera madzi otayira okhala ndi zinthu zolimba kwambiri
Kugwiritsa ntchito kulemera kolakwika kwa mamolekyu nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa:
- Ma floc ofooka
- Kukhazikika bwino
- Madzi ochulukirapo
- Njira Yabwino Kwambiri
Gwirani ntchito ndi wogulitsa wodalirika wa PDADMAC kuti mugwirizane ndi izi:
- Makhalidwe a madzi
- Magawo a turbidity
- Zachilengedwe
- Zolinga za chithandizo
Kuwunika kwa labotale ndikofunikira kwambiri musanagwiritse ntchito mankhwala onse.
Cholakwika Chachikulu #3: Kusakaniza Koyipa
Kuchita bwino kwa PDADMAC kumadalira kwambiri kusakaniza koyenera.
Kusakaniza Kosakwanira
- Kugawa polima kosafanana
- Kuletsa kulipira kosakwanira
- Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala m'malo osiyanasiyana
Kusakaniza Kwambiri
- Kumeta ubweya wa ma flocs opangidwa
- Kukula kwa floc kochepa
- Kusagwira bwino ntchito
Njira Yabwino Yosakaniza
- Kusakaniza mwachangu kuti mufalikire koyamba (masekondi)
- Kusakaniza pang'ono kwa flocculation (mphindi)
- Pewani mapampu odula kwambiri mutapanga floc
Kapangidwe ka makina ndi nthawi yosungira madzi ziyenera kuthandizira kukula kwa zomera.
Cholakwika Chachikulu #4: Kuphatikiza Kosagwirizana ndi Mankhwala Ena
PDADMAC nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi:
- Polyaluminum chloride (PAC)
- Alum
- Polyacrylamide (PAM)
Kusagwiritsa ntchito njira yolondola yoperekera mankhwala kungachepetse mphamvu ya mankhwala.
Chitsanzo cha Dongosolo Lolakwika
Kuwonjezera PDADMAC pambuyo poti flocculation yachitika kale kungaswe ma floc m'malo mowalimbitsa.
Ndondomeko Yoyenera Yogwiritsira Ntchito Mlingo
- Chosakaniza cha inorganic (PAC kapena alum)
- PDADMAC yoletsa kuletsa kulipira
- PAM (ngati pakufunika) yolumikizira
Kutsata bwino kwa malo osungiramo zinthu kumathandiza kuchotsa matope ndi kutsekeka kwa matope.
Cholakwika Chachikulu #5: Kusasintha pH ndi Kutentha
Ngakhale kuti PDADMAC imagwira ntchito pa pH yosiyana, magwiridwe antchito amasiyana.
Mikhalidwe Yotsika ya pH
- Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya chaji
- Kupanga kwa floc mwachangu
Mikhalidwe Yokwera ya pH
- Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya magazi oundana
- Kufunika kwa mankhwala ambiri
Kutentha kumakhudzanso:
- Mayendedwe a reaction
- Liwiro lokhazikika
- Kukhuthala
Njira Yabwino Kwambiri
- Yang'anirani pH nthawi zonse
- Sinthani mlingo wa coagulant m'nyengo yozizira
- Wonjezerani nthawi yosungira zinthu m'nyengo yozizira
Kukonzekera bwino nyengo ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti ntchito ikhale yokhazikika.
Cholakwika Chachikulu #6: Kusunga ndi Kusamalira Molakwika
PDADMAC ndi polima yamadzimadzi. Kusunga molakwika kumatha kuchepetsa ubwino wa chinthu.
Zolakwika Zodziwika Kwambiri Zosungira
- Kukhudzidwa ndi dzuwa mwachindunji
- Kutentha kozizira
- Kuipitsidwa ndi matanki odetsedwa
Mavuto awa angayambitse:
- Ntchito yochepetsedwa
- Kuwonjezeka kwa kukhuthala
- Kuchepetsa nthawi yosungiramo zinthu
Malangizo Osungira Zinthu
- Sungani pamalo otentha 5–30°C
- Gwiritsani ntchito matanki osagwira dzimbiri
- Pewani kukhala pamalo otentha kwambiri kwa nthawi yayitali
- Sungani njira zoyezera mlingo zoyera
Kuwonongeka kwa khalidwe kumabweretsa kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa chithandizo.
Cholakwika Chachikulu #7: Kunyalanyaza Zotsatira za Kusamalira Madzi Otayirira
PDADMAC imakhudza kwambiri makhalidwe a matope.
Kupereka mlingo wolakwika kungayambitse:
- Kupanga matope ochulukirapo
- Kusagwira bwino ntchito yochotsa madzi m'thupi
- Kukwera kwa ndalama zotayira zinthu
Kuyeza bwino kwa dosing kungathe:
- Chepetsani kuchuluka kwa matope
- Sinthani kuuma kwa keke
- Ndalama zochepa zoyendera
Kusamalira matope kuyenera kuganiziridwa posankha zinthu zothira madzi.
Cholakwika Chachikulu #8: Kusowa Kowunika Magwiridwe Antchito Nthawi Zonse
Mafakitale ambiri amalephera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito deta.
Zizindikiro Zofunika Zowunikira
- Turbidity (NTU)
- Kuchotsa COD
- Zeta potential
- Chizindikiro cha kuchuluka kwa matope
- Kugwiritsa ntchito polima pa m³
Popanda kutsatira magawo awa, kukonza bwino kumakhala ngati kungoganizira chabe.
Cholakwika Chachikulu #9: Kusankha Pokhapokha pa Mtengo
Zogulitsa zotsika mtengo zingakhale ndi:
- Kuchuluka kwa ndalama zochepa
- Kulemera kwa molekyulu kosasinthasintha
- Kusiyanasiyana kwa khalidwe
PDADMAC yapamwamba pang'ono ingachepetse mtengo wonse chifukwa cha:
- Kufunika kwa mlingo wochepa
- Kukhazikika bwino kwa matope
- Kuchepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito kwa dongosolo
Mtengo wonse wa chithandizo ndi wofunika kwambiri kuposa mtengo wa chipangizo chilichonse.
Cholakwika Chachikulu #10: Kudumpha Kuyesa kwa Pilot Musanayambe Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zonse
Chitsime chilichonse cha madzi otayira ndi chapadera.
Madzi otayira m'mafakitale amasiyana kwambiri pakati pa:
- Mafakitale a nsalu
- Makampani opanga mapepala
- Malo opangira chakudya
- Ntchito za migodi
- Kuyesa kwa Pilot kumatsimikizira:
- Kusankha kolondola kwa zinthu
- Mlingo woyenera
- Kutsimikizira kuyanjana
Kudumpha sitepe iyi kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha ntchito.
Momwe Mungakulitsire Magwiridwe Abwino a PDADMAC mu Chithandizo cha Madzi
Gawo 1:
Chitani Kusanthula Kwathunthu kwa Madzi
Unikani:
- Kugwedezeka
- COD/BOD
- Zolimba zopachikidwa
- pH
- Kutentha
- Kuyendetsa bwino
Gawo 2:
Yesani Kuyesa Mtsuko wa Laboratory
Yerekezerani:
- Mlingo wosiyana wa mlingo
- Zolemera zosiyanasiyana za molekyulu
- Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dosing
Gawo 3:
Chitani Mayeso Olamulidwa
Yambani ndi mlingo wokhazikika ndi kuyang'anira:
- Nthawi yokhazikika
- Makhalidwe a matope
- Kudzaza kwa zosefera
Gawo 4:
Khazikitsani Njira Zoyenera Zogwirira Ntchito
Chikalata:
- Mitengo ya mlingo
- Kusakaniza mphamvu
- Zosintha za nyengo
Kusasinthasintha kumatsimikizira kuti chithandizo chikuyenda bwino.
PDADMAC mu Ntchito za Municipal vs Industrial
Kuchiza Madzi a Kumwa a Municipal
Malo ofunikira:
- Kupanda madzi okwanira
- Kutsatira malamulo
- Zotsalira zochepa
Zolakwa nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kumwa mankhwala mopitirira muyeso komanso kusasakaniza bwino.
Kuchiza Madzi Otayidwa ndi Mafakitale
Malo ofunikira:
- COD yapamwamba
- Zolimba kwambiri zopachikidwa
- Kapangidwe kosinthasintha
Zolakwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala kusankha zinthu molakwika komanso kusowa kwa mayeso oyeserera.
Kumwa mankhwala mopitirira muyeso kungayambitse kukhazikika kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono (madzi otuluka mumlengalenga), kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa matope, ndikukweza mtengo wa mankhwala.
Inde, koma magwiridwe antchito amatha kuchepa, ndipo kusintha kwa mlingo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunikira.
Inde. PDADMAC imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamodzi ndi PAC kuti magazi azitsekeka bwino.
Inde. Kulemera kwa mamolekyu kumakhudza kuthekera kogwirizanitsa ndi mphamvu ya floc.
PDADMAC ndi flocculant yamphamvu komanso yosinthasintha pochiza madzi. Komabe, magwiridwe ake amadalira kwambiri kusankha kolondola, kukonza bwino mlingo, kusakaniza bwino, komanso kuyang'anira makina.
Zolakwika zomwe zimafala kwambiri—kuchepa kwa mlingo, kusasakaniza bwino, kuphatikiza mankhwala osagwirizana, kuyesa kosakwanira, ndi kusungidwa kosayenera—zingathe kuchepetsa kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a mankhwala ndikuwonjezera ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
Mwa kukhazikitsa mayeso a labotale, mayeso oyeserera, ndi kasamalidwe ka mankhwala ozikidwa pa deta, malo oyeretsera madzi angathe:
- Konzani kuchotsa matope
- Chepetsani kuchuluka kwa matope
- Mtengo wotsika wa chithandizo chonse
- Limbitsani kukhazikika kwa dongosolo
Kwa akatswiri odziwa bwino ntchito yoyeretsa madzi, kukonza bwino ntchito ya PDADMAC sikuti kungosankha polima basi—komanso kupanga njira yokwanira komanso yothandiza yotsekereza madzi.
Ngati mukufuna malangizo aukadaulo kapena mayankho apamwamba a PDADMAC othandizira kuyeretsa madzi m'matauni kapena m'mafakitale, kugwira ntchito ndi wogulitsa wodziwa bwino ntchito yemwe amapereka chithandizo cha labotale ndi malingaliro osinthidwa ndikofunikira kuti ntchito yanu iyende bwino kwa nthawi yayitali.
Nthawi yotumizira: Mar-03-2026
