Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri Zokhudza PFAS ku France ndi European Union
- 12 Januwale 2021Lamulo (EU) 2020/2184 lonena za Ubwino wa Madzi Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito ndi Anthu linayamba kugwira ntchito, ndipo linayambitsa PFAS mu dongosolo lolamulira madzi akumwa la EU koyamba. Lamuloli linakhazikitsa miyezo ya "PFAS Total" ndi "Sum of PFAS", zomwe zimafuna kuti Mayiko Omwe Ali Mamembala aphatikizepo kuyang'anira PFAS mu kasamalidwe ka madzi akumwa.
- 12 Januwale 2023Mayiko omwe ali mamembala a EU, kuphatikizapo France, adayenera kusintha Directive (EU) 2020/2184 kukhala malamulo adziko, kuyambitsa kukhazikitsa zofunikira zatsopano zowunikira ndi kutsata malamulo a PFAS.
- 4 Epulo 2024Boma la France linayambitsa Ndondomeko Yogwirira Ntchito ya PFAS (2024–2027), yomwe inakhazikitsa njira yapadziko lonse yolimbikitsira kuwunika kwa PFAS, kuchepetsa mpweya woipa wochokera m'mafakitale, kukonza kuyang'anira madzi akumwa, kufulumizitsa kafukufuku wa sayansi, ndikuwonjezera kuwonekera poyera kwa anthu.
- 12 Januwale 2026Ma PFAS parametric values omwe adakhazikitsidwa motsatira Directive (EU) 2020/2184 akuyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira ku European Union konse. Opereka madzi akuyembekezeka kutsatira malire ofunikira a PFAS pankhani ya madzi akumwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chithandizo chisanachitike komanso kukonza chithandizo chapamwamba chikhale chofunikira kwambiri.
Ngakhale kuti ukadaulo monga granular activated carbon (GAC), ion exchange, nanofiltration (NF), ndi reverse osmosis (RO) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochepetsa PFAS, kugwira ntchito bwino kwawo kumadalira kwambiri mtundu wa madzi omwe akubwera. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba zomwe zapachikidwa, tinthu ta colloidal, turbidity, ndi natural organic matter (NOM) kumatha kufulumizitsa kuipitsidwa kwa nembanemba, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wopangidwa, ndikukweza ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
Pachifukwa ichi, kutsekeka bwino kwa magazi ndi kumveka bwino kwakhala kofunika kwambiri.PolyDADMACayeneraSizionedwa ngati mankhwala ochotsera PFAS mwachindunji. M'malo mwake, imagwira ntchito ngati coagulant ya cationic yokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri yomwe imawonjezera chithandizo chisanachitike mwa kukonza magwiridwe antchito a coagulation, kuchepetsa zinthu zolimba zomwe zayimitsidwa, ndikupanga mikhalidwe yabwino yogwirira ntchito paukadaulo wochiritsira wa PFAS.
Mu Nkhani Ino
Munkhaniyi, muphunzira izi:
- Chifukwa chiyani chithandizo chisanachitike chikukhala chofunikira kwambiri pa machitidwe ochizira a PFAS.
- Momwe PolyDADMAC imathandizira kugawanika ndi kumveka bwino.
- Momwe chithandizo cham'tsogolo chimathandizira kugwira ntchito kwa mpweya woyatsidwa ndi nembanemba.
- Mfundo zazikulu posankha PolyDADMAC yochizira madzi m'matauni ndi m'mafakitale.
Chifukwa Chake Kuchiza Moyenera Pasadakhale Nkofunika Kwambiri Pa Kuyeretsa Madzi Masiku Ano
Pamene miyezo yoyeretsera madzi ikupitirirabe kusintha, makampani akuyembekezeka kuchotsa osati zonyansa wamba zokha komanso zodetsa zomwe zikubwera pamene akugwira ntchito moyenera komanso motsika mtengo. Zipangizo zamakono zoyeretsera monga granular activated carbon (GAC), ion exchange, nanofiltration (NF), ndi reverse osmosis (RO) zakhala zikufala kwambiri, koma magwiridwe antchito awo a nthawi yayitali amadalira kwambiri pa chithandizo chabwino chisanachitike.
Kusakonza bwino zinthu zisanakonzedwe bwino kumalola zinthu zolimba zomwe zapachikidwa, tinthu ta colloidal, turbidity, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zachilengedwe (NOM) kulowa m'makina oyeretsera. Zonyansa zimenezi zimatha kufulumizitsa kuipitsidwa kwa nembanemba, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wopangidwa ndi activated carbon, kuchepetsa magwiridwe antchito, komanso kukweza ndalama zosamalira ndi zogwirira ntchito.
Yogwira ntchito kugayika kwa magazi ndi kumveketsa bwino zimathandiza kuchotsa zinthu zodetsa izi zomwe sizili zofunika kwambiri chithandizo chisanayambe. Mwa kukonza ubwino wa madzi pa nthawi yokonzekera, zomera zamadzi zimatha kulimbitsa kudalirika ndi kugwira ntchito bwino kwa njira zoyambira pansi pa madzi pomwe zimawonjezera nthawi yogwirira ntchito ya zida zochizira.
Pa njira zochizira matenda monga PFAS, chithandizo chisanachitike sichichotsa mwachindunji mankhwala omwe akufunidwa, koma chimapereka mphamvu yoyera yomwe imathandiza ukadaulo wapamwamba kugwira ntchito bwino komanso mosasinthasintha.
Momwe PolyDADMAC Imathandizira Kugwirizana kwa Kugwirizana
PolyDADMACndi mphamvu yochulukapolima ya cationicamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati coagulant kapena coagulant yothandizira kwambiri m'madzi akumwa komanso pochiza madzi a m'mafakitale. Mosiyana ndi ma coagulant osapangidwa omwe amadalira kwambiri hydrolysis ya mchere wachitsulo, PolyDADMAC imagwira ntchito makamaka kudzera mu kuletsa mphamvu, kusokoneza mofulumira tinthu tomwe timayimitsidwa tomwe timayatsidwa ndi mpweya woipa kuti tilimbikitse kupanga ma flocs akuluakulu komanso okhuthala.
Kupangidwa kwa floc kowonjezereka kumeneku kumathandizira kulekanitsa madzi olimba ndi olimba panthawi yothira ndi kusefa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madziwo asatayike komanso kuti madzi osungunuka asamatayike bwino. Mwa kupanga floc zolimba komanso zopapatiza, PolyDADMAC ingathandizenso kukonza bwino madzi m'malo osiyanasiyana amadzi osaphika, zomwe zimathandiza zomera zochizira kuti zisunge magwiridwe antchito abwino.
Mu njira zamakono zochizira madzi, kutsekeka bwino kwa madzi si njira yodziwika bwino yochizira madzi—imayika maziko a njira zoyambira. Kuyeretsa bwino madzi m'magawo ochizira madzi kungathandize kuchepetsa kudzaza kwa tinthu tosafunikira, kukonza kukhazikika kwa ntchito, komanso kuthandizira magwiridwe antchito aukadaulo monga kulowetsedwa kwa mpweya woyatsidwa ndi kusefa kwa nembanemba.
Ngakhale kuti PolyDADMAC sinapangidwe kuti ichotse PFAS mwachindunji, kuthekera kwake kokonza kuuma kwa magazi ndi kumveka bwino kumapangitsa kuti ikhale mankhwala ofunika kwambiri pasadakhale m'magalimoto ochizira komwe njira zamakono zochotsera PFAS zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwa kukonza ubwino wa madzi asanafike panjira izi, PolyDADMAC imathandizira kuti pakhale njira yodalirika komanso yothandiza kwambiri yochizira.
Kuchepetsa Zolimba Zoyimitsidwa Musanayambe Chithandizo Chapamwamba
Zinthu zolimba zopachikidwa ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito a njira zamakono zochizira madzi. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ma colloid, ndi zinthu zina zosasungunuka zimatha kudutsa mu njira zosakwanira zochizira madzi, zomwe zimawonjezera katundu pa zipangizo zochizira madzi zomwe zili pansi pa madzi ndipo zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza zikhale zapamwamba.
Mwa kuwonjezera kuuma kwa makoma ndi kupanga ma floc, PolyDADMAC imathandiza kuchotsa zinthu zolimba zomwe zapachikidwa bwino kwambiri panthawi yoyeretsa ndi kutayikira kwa makoma. Ma floc akuluakulu komanso okhuthala amakhala okhazikika mosavuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi azikhala oyera akamapita ku magawo otsatira a chithandizo.
Kuchepetsa zinthu zolimba zomwe zimapachikidwa musanagwiritse ntchito mankhwala apamwamba kumapereka maubwino angapo ogwirira ntchito, kuphatikizapo:
- Kuchepetsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalowa m'makina othandizira otsikira pansi
- Kumveka bwino komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kusefa
- Kugwira ntchito bwino ngakhale madzi osaphika akusintha
- Kuchepetsa zofunikira pakukonza njira zochiritsira zotsatira
Ngakhale kuti zinthu zolimba zomwe zimapachikidwa sizili PFAS, kuchepetsa kupezeka kwawo panthawi yokonza zinthu kumapanga mikhalidwe yabwino yogwirira ntchito paukadaulo wapamwamba monga kufinya mpweya wochita kukonzedwa ndi membrane. Izi zimathandiza kuti machitidwewa aziganizira kwambiri kuchotsa zinthu zodetsa m'malo mogwira tinthu tambirimbiri, zomwe zimathandiza kukonza bwino chithandizo chonse komanso kudalirika kwa ntchito.
Kuthandizira Kuchita Bwino kwa Mpweya Wogwiritsidwa Ntchito
1. Granular activated carbon (GAC) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa zinthu zodetsa zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo PFAS. GAC imachotsa makamaka ma PFAS chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwa hydrophobic, magwiridwe ake amatha kukhudzidwa ndi ubwino wa madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba zomwe zimapachikidwa, tinthu ta colloidal, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zachilengedwe (NOM) zitha kukhala m'malo otsetsereka, kuwonjezera kutayika kwa mutu, ndikufupikitsa moyo wa ntchito ya carbon bed.
Kuyanjana kwa ma electrostatic ndi magulu a polyDADMAC a quaternary ammonium functional kunathandiza kumangirira ma organic ndi inorganic ions komanso gulu la ma PFAS afupiafupi, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti PFAS ichotsedwe ndi GAC. Pankhaniyi, kuyamwa kwa ma anionic PFASs kumatha kuwonjezeredwa powonjezera ma cationic polymers monga poly diallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC).
2. Kuchiza bwino chisanadze ndi PolyDADMAC kumathandiza kukonza kuuma ndi kumveka bwino, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi katundu wachilengedwe wolowa mu dongosolo la GAC. Mphamvu yoyeretsa imalola mpweya woyatsidwa kugwira ntchito pansi pa mikhalidwe yokhazikika, kuthandiza kusunga mphamvu ya kulowetsedwa kwa madzi ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kusamba kumbuyo kapena kusintha kaboni.
Monga gawo la njira yopangira chithandizo yokonzedwa bwino, chithandizo chokonzekera bwino chingathandize kuti ntchito ikhale yodalirika komanso kuti njira za GAC zigwiritsidwe ntchito bwino.
Chepetsani Kuipitsidwa kwa Membrane Kudzera mu Kufotokozera Bwino
Zipangizo zamakono za nembanemba monga ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), ndi reverse osmosis (RO) zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza madzi amakono chifukwa cha mphamvu yawo yolekanitsa bwino. Komabe, magwiridwe antchito a nembanemba amadalira kwambiri pa chithandizo chabwino chisanachitike. Zinthu zolimba zopachikidwa, tinthu ta colloidal, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zachilengedwe (NOM) zomwe sizichotsedwa mokwanira zimatha kudziunjikira pamwamba pa nembanemba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuipitsidwa, kuchepa kwa madzi olowa m'madzi, komanso kuyeretsa pafupipafupi.
Mwa kukonza kuuma ndi kumveka bwino kwa ma membrane, PolyDADMAC imathandiza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalowa mu nembanemba. Kuchotsa bwino tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi ma colloid m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumathandiza kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tigwire ntchito bwino, zomwe zimathandiza kuti nembanemba zizigwira ntchito bwino.
Ngakhale kuti PolyDADMAC siletsa kuipitsidwa kwa nembanemba mwachindunji, kukonza bwino chithandizo chisanachitike kungathandize kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsa, komanso kuthandizira nthawi yayitali yogwirira ntchito. Monga gawo la njira yophatikizira chithandizo, kufotokozera bwino kumathandiza kukonza magwiridwe antchito onse komanso kudalirika kwa makina osefera nembanemba omwe ali pansi pake.
Mapulogalamu a PolyDADMAC mu Chithandizo cha Madzi a Municipal ndi Industrial
PolyDADMAC imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza madzi m'maboma ndi m'mafakitale chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya cationic, kugwira ntchito mwachangu kwa coagulation, komanso kugwirizana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zochizira. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati coagulant yoyamba kapena ngati coagulant yothandizira kukonza magwiridwe antchito pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yamadzi osaphika.
Pochiza madzi akumwa a m'matauni, PolyDADMAC imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuchepetsa kutayikira kwa madzi, zinthu zolimba zomwe zimapachikidwa, ndi tinthu ta colloidal tisanasefedwe ndi kutsukidwa. Kuchiza bwino madzi asanayambe kumathandiza kukhazikika kwa ubwino wa madzi ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito a njira zochizira madzi, makamaka m'madzi a pamwamba pomwe kusinthasintha kwa nyengo kungakhudze kwambiri ubwino wa madzi.
Pochiza madzi m'mafakitale, PolyDADMAC imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chakudya ndi zakumwa, zamkati ndi mapepala, nsalu, kupanga mankhwala, migodi, ndi kugwiritsanso ntchito madzi otayira. Mwa kukonza kulekanitsa ndi kuyeretsa bwino madzi olimba, zimathandiza kukonza magwiridwe antchito a mankhwala pamene zikuthandizira ntchito yokhazikika ya zomera.
Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri Posankha PolyDADMAC
Poyesa PolyDADMAC pa chithandizo cha madzi a m'matauni kapena m'mafakitale, ganizirani zinthu zotsatirazi:
- Kuchuluka kwa Chaji:Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi nthawi zambiri kumapereka mphamvu yoletsa mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera madzi okhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ma colloid omwe ali ndi mphamvu yoipa komanso tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayimitsidwa.
- Kuchuluka kwa Zogulitsa:Liquid PolyDADMAC imapezeka m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana yogwira ntchito. Kusankha kuchuluka koyenera kungathandize kulinganiza kulondola kwa mlingo, mphamvu yosungira, komanso kuyendetsa bwino.
- Ubwino wa Madzi Osaphika:Zinthu monga turbidity, suspended solids, natural organic matter (NOM), pH, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo zonse zimakhudza momwe coagulation imagwirira ntchito ndipo ziyenera kuganiziridwa posankha chinthu.
- Kugwirizana ndi Njira Zochiritsira Zomwe Zilipo:PolyDADMAC iyenera kuyesedwa pamodzi ndi ma coagulants omwe alipo, ma flocculants, machitidwe oyesa, ndi ukadaulo wochiritsira wotsatira kuti zitsimikizire kuti njira yolumikizirana yokhazikika ikugwirizana.
- Kuyesa Mitsuko ndi Mayeso Oyendetsa:Kuyesa kwa mitsuko ya labotale ndi kuwunika koyeserera komwe kumachitika pamalopo kumakhalabe njira zodalirika kwambiri zodziwira mlingo woyenera ndikutsimikizira momwe chithandizo chikuyendera pansi pa mikhalidwe yeniyeni yogwirira ntchito.
Kusankha mtundu woyenera wa PolyDADMAC kumafuna kuwunika mosamala ubwino wa madzi anu, zolinga zochizira, ndi zomwe zimapangidwira. Ngati mukufuna kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za njira zofunika kwambiri zosankhira, onani nkhani yathu yofananira:Momwe Mungasankhire PolyDADMAC Yoyenera: Buku Lothandiza Losankha.Ikufotokoza zinthu zofunika monga kulemera kwa mamolekyulu, kuchuluka kwa ma charge, kukhuthala, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito, ndi malangizo okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito.
Mapeto
Ngakhale kuti PolyDADMAC sinapangidwe kuti ichotse PFAS mwachindunji, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pothandiza pokonza kugawanika kwa magazi ndi kumveka bwino, kuchepetsa zinthu zolimba zomwe zayimitsidwa, ndikupanga mphamvu yoyera ya machitidwe ochiritsira omwe ali pansi. Ubwino uwu ungathandize kuthandizira magwiridwe antchito a kaboni woyatsidwa, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kwa nembanemba, komanso kuthandizira kuti chomera chizigwira ntchito bwino komanso motsika mtengo.
Pamene France ndi European Union akupitilizabe kulimbitsa malamulo a PFAS, mafakitale ochizira madzi akugogomezera kwambiri pakukweza magwiridwe antchito ndi kudalirika kwa njira zawo zochizira. Kwa mabungwe osamalira madzi m'matauni ndi m'mafakitale, kukonza bwino njira zochizira madzi zisanayambe kukukhala njira yofunika kwambiri yokwaniritsira zofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa madzi. Kusankha PolyDADMAC yoyenera ndikukonza momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito kudzera mu mayeso oyenera kungathandize kukulitsa magwiridwe antchito onse a chithandizo ndikuthandizira magwiridwe antchito anthawi yayitali a njira zochizira madzi zapamwamba.
Maulalo Ovomerezeka ndi Maulalo Ovomerezeka:
- Lamulo la European Commission (EU) 2020/2184 pa Ubwino wa Madzi Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito ndi Anthu (Kusinthidwa). Webusaiti:Malangizo a EUR-Lex (EU) 2020/2184
- Unduna wa ku France wa Kusintha kwa Zachilengedwe. Interministerial Action Plan on PFAS (Plan d'action interministériel sur les PFAS). Webusaiti:Ndondomeko Yogwirira Ntchito ya Boma la France PFAS
- PubMed:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34861330/
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-09-2026
